Figure 1

Cigarette smoke induces anchorage-independent cell growth, migration, and invasion in mammary epithelial cell lines. (A) Treatment of MCF10A cells with CSE or CSC leads to soft agar colony formation that increases, as compared to mock, with increased weeks of exposure. (B) Treatment of MCF10A cells with CSE for 37 and 72 weeks leads to increased migration through uncoated transwell inserts as compared to mock treated cells. (E) Treatment of MCF 7 cells with CSE for 9 weeks leads to soft agar colony formation as compared to mock. (F) Treatment of MCF 7 cells with CSE for 9 weeks leads to increased invasion through matrigel-coated transwell inserts as compared to mock. (C) Treatment of MCF12A cells with CSC for 18 weeks leads to increased colony formation as compared to mock. (D) Treatment of MCF12 A cells with CSC leads to increased migration through uncoated transwell inserts as compared to DMSO control The increase in MCF-12A migration (right) was not quantified numerically because the cells became partially confluent after migration and could not be accurately counted. The dark patches are cells stained with crystal violet that have migrated though the filter pores (light grey dots); the size bar represents 100 μm. Data in bar graphs are mean ± standard deviation of 3–5 replicates; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 by Student’s t-test.