Table 2 Genes identified by Prediction Analysis of Microarrays (PAM) differentially expressed in normal skin compared to non-melanoma skin cancer.

Accession No.

Symbol

Gene

Function

Localization

Differentiation

AF183421.1

rab22b

Small GTP-bindung protein rab22 (RAB31)

Small GTPase signal transduction.

18p11.3

NM_006868.1

RAB31*

RAB31, member RAS oncogene family

Small GTPase signal transduction.

18p11.3

Apoptosis

NM_004834.1

MAP4K4*

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4

A member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, specifically activate MAPK8/JNK.

2q11.2-q12

Proliferation

NM_007375.1

TARDBP

TAR DNA binding protein

Transcriptional repressor that binds to chromosomally integrated TAR DNA and represses HIV-1 transcription.

1p36.22

Metabolism

D55674.1

hnRNP D

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D

Associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport.

4q21.1-q21.2

NM_003942.1

RPS6KA4

Ribosomal protein S6 kinase

RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases

11q11-q13

NM_001814.1

CTSC

Cathepsin C (CTSC)

Defects in the encoded protein have been shown to be a cause of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar keratosis and periodontitis.

11q14.1-q14.3

Z14077.1

YY1

YY1, NF-E1 protein

Transcription factor involved in repressing and activating a diverse number of promoters.

14q

NM_006141.1

DNCLI2

Dynein, cytoplasmic, light intermediate polypeptide 2

Involved in retrograde organelle transport and some aspects of mitosis.

16q22.1

AF061832.1

M4

M4 protein deletion mutant

Appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport.

19p13.3-p13.2

Cell communication

U65590

IL-1RN*

IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1Ra

Inhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses.

2q14.2

NM_004688.1

NMI*

N-myc (and STAT) interactor

Interacts with NMYC, CMYC, all STATs except STAT2.

2p24.3-q21.3

NM_002416.1

MIG

Monokine induced by gamma interferon

Binding to CXCR3 causes pleiotropic effects, including stimulation of monocytes, natural killer and T-cell migration, and modulation of adhesion molecule expression.

4q21

U72069.1

TNPO1

Karyopherin beta2

Interacts with nuclear localization signals to target nuclear proteins to the nucleus.

5q13.2

BC004489.1

HLA-C

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, C

A central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from ER lumen.

6p21.3

L42024.1

HLA-B39

MHC, HLA-B39

A central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from ER lumen.

6p21.3

NM_005516.1

HLA-E

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, E

A central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from ER lumen.

6p21.3

NM_006096.1

NDRG1

N-myc downstream regulated gene 1

Involved in stress responses, hormone responses, cell growth, and differentiation.

8q24.3

AF313468.1

lectin-1

Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1

Diverse functions, such as cell adhesion, cell-cell signalling, glycoprotein turnover, and roles in inflammation and immune response.

12p12.3-p13.2

U88964

HEM45

HEM45

HIV-1 Tat upregulates the interferon-responsive gene expression of HEM45.

15q26

NM_000418.1

IL4R*

Interleukin 4 receptor

Development of allergic reactions and have been shown to modulate the function of monocytes and macrophages.

16p11.2-12.1

NM_015986.1

CREME9

Cytokine receptor-like molecule 9

Thought to be involved in signal transduction.

17q11.2

NM_002087.1

GRN*

Granulin

A role in the development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

17q21.32

Adhesion

AK023406.1

FLJ13344

FLJ13344 fis

High homology to the actin and microtubules binding protein ABP620.

1p32-p31

U03271

CAPZB

F-actin capping protein beta subunit

Regulates growth of the actin filament by capping the barbed end of growing actin filaments.

1p36.1

NM_005572.1

LMNA

Lamin AC

Lamin proteins are thought to be involved in nuclear stability, chromatin structure and gene expression.

1q21.2-q21.3

AB010427.2

WDR1

NORI-1

May help induce the disassembly of actin filaments.

4p16.1

NM_004893.1

H2AFY

H2A histone family, member Y

A member of the histone H2A family.

5q31.3-q32

NM_001101.2

ACTB

Actin, beta

Conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity.

7p15-p12

NM_000700.1

ANXA1

Annexin A1

Located on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane.

9q12-q21.2

NM_002160.1

TNC*

Hexabrachion (tenascin C, cytotactin) (HXB),

Spliced tenascin-C has important roles in tumor progression of breast cancer.

9q33

BF338947

1–8U

Interferon induced transmembrane protein 3

Transmembrane protein.

11p15.5

NM_002421.2

MMP1*

Matrix metalloproteinase 1

Involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes (embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling), in disease processes (arthritis, metastasis).

11q22.3

J00269.1

KRT6A

Human 56 k cytoskeletal type II keratin

Member of the keratin gene family.

12q12-q13

NM_006825.1

CKAP4

Transmembrane protein

Required for cell adhesion.

12q24.11

NM_005561.2

LAMP1

Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1

Possible a role in tumor cell metastasis.

13q34

NM_001793.1

CDH3

Cadherin 3, type 1, P-cadherin (placental)

Calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein, mutations in this gene have been associated with congential hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy.

16q22.1

NM_004360.1

CDH1*

Cadherin 1, type 1, E-cadherin (epithelial)

Calcium dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein, mutations in this gene are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid and ovarian cancer.

16q22.1

BC001920.1

actin gamma

Actin, gamma 1

Involved in various types of cell motility, and maintenance of the cytoskeleton.

17q25

NM_001614.2

ACTG1

Actin, gamma 1

Involved in various types of cell motility, and maintenance of the cytoskeleton.

17q25

NM_004368.1

CNN2

Calponin 2

Participates in smooth muscle contractio, cell adhesion and can bind actin.

21q11.1

NM_004994.1

MMP9

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (gelatinase B, collagenase)

Involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes (embryonic development, reproduction, tissue remodeling), in disease processes (arthritis and metastasis).

20q11.2-q13.1

B) Down-regulated genes (76) in non-melanoma skin cancer.

Accession No.

Symbol

Gene

Function

Localization

Differentiation

NM_004430.1

EGR3

Early growth response 3

Participates in the transcriptional regulation of genes in controling biological rhythm.

8p23-p21

NM_022969.1

FGFR2

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2

Influences mitogenesis and differentiation.

10q26

BC001971.1

p27, Kip1

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B

Binds to and prevents the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 or cyclin D-CDK4 complexes, and thus controls the cell cycle progression at G1.

12p13.1-p12

AF309553.1

REC14

Meiotic recombination protein REC14

Exact function unknown. Thought to be involved in differentiation.

15q24.1

NM_001424.1

EMP2

Epithelial membrane protein 2

A role in the control of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death.

16p13.2

NM_001983.1

ERCC1*

Excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency

Repair protein expression is reduced in testis neoplasms.

19q13.2-q13.3

Apoptosis

NM_016085.1

APR-3 ^n.s.

Apoptosis related protein APR-3

Involved in apoptosis, and may also be involved in hematopoietic development and differentiation.

2p23.3

AB055804.1

MM-1 beta

MM-1 beta

Assists in the correct folding of other proteins, subunit is thought to repress the transcriptional activity of c-myc.

12q12

NM_015965.1

CGI-39*

CGI-39 protein; cell death-regulatory protein GRIM19

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.

19p13.2

Proliferation

BC003689.1

HMG 17

High-mobility group (non-histone chromosomal protein 17)

Nucleosomal binding protein.

1p36.1

NM_006694.1

JTB

Jumping translocation breakpoint

Up-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

1q21

NM_001967.2

EIF4A2

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A

Protein translation.

3q28

NM_005935.1

MLLT2

Myeloidlymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia

Interaction with SIAH1 and SIAH2 proteins, the cell cycle control exerted by MLL-AF4 may be responsible of resistance to cell-death.

4q21

AF279903.1

EC45

60S ribosomal protein L15

A ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit.

3p24.1

NM_002948.1

RPL15

Ribosomal protein L15

A ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit, overexpressed in some esophageal tumors compared to normal matched tissues.

3p24.1

NM_001023.1

RPS20

Ribosomal protein S20

A ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit.

8q12

NM_000995.1

RPL34

Ribosomal protein L34

Component of the 60S subunit.

4q25

NM_006098.1

GNB2L1

Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)

Regulates G1/S progression by suppressing Src kinase activity.

5q35.3

NM_007104.2

RPL10A

Ribosomal protein L10a

Downregulated in the thymus by cyclosporin-A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug.

6p21.3-p21.2

BC000734.1

EIF3S6

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3

Protein translation.

8q22-q23

NM_003756.1

EIF3S3

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3

Protein translation, overexpression of EIF3S3 is associated with breast and prostate cancer.

8q24.11

BC000524.1

RPS6

Ribosomal protein S6

Protein synthesis, cytoplasmic ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit.

9p21

NM_001417.1

EIF4B

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B

Stimulate the nuclease activity of herpes simplex virus.

12q13.13

NM_000968.1

RPL4

Ribosomal protein L4

Component of the 60S subunit.

15q22

NM_015920.1

LOC51065

40S ribosomal protein S27

Similarity with ribosomal protein S27.

15q22.1

NM_001009.1

RPS5

Ribosomal protein S5

Variable expression of this gene in colorectal cancers compared to adjacent normal tissues, although no correlation between the severity of this disease has been observed.

19q13.4

NM_016091.1

HSPC025

HSPC025

Interacts with Int-6 and is associated with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3.

22q

L22453.1

TARBP-b

HIV-1 TAR RNA binding protein (RPL3)

Encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit; the protein can bind to the HIV-1 TAR mRNA, and the protein probably contributes to tat-mediated transactivation.

22q13

NM_006013.1

RPL10

Ribosomal protein L10

This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit.

Xq28

NM_014315.1

LCP

host cell factor homolog

Transcriptional coactivator which coordinates the assembly of enhancer complex through direct interactions with viral and cellular trans-activators.

14q21.3-q22.1

Metabolism

NM_015958.1

LOC51611

CGI-30 protein

Activities of Dipthine synthase, methyltransferase, and transferase.

1p21.2

NM_000847

GSTA3

Glutathione S-transferase A3

Involved in cellular defense against toxic, carcinogenic, and pharmacologically active electrophilic compounds.

6p12.1

NM_002633.1

PGM1

Phosphoglucomutase 1

Regulatory enzyme in cellular glucose utilization and energy homeostasis.

1p31

BC006229.1

CYC5b

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vb

Terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

2cen-q13

NM_001862.1

COX5B

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vb

Terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

2cen-q13

NM_002492.1

NDUFB5

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex

A subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I).

3q27.1

NM_021122.2

FACL2

Fatty-acid-Coenzyme A ligase

Plays a role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation.

4q34-q35

BC005270.1

ND4FS4

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4

Multisubunit enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, plays a vital role in cellular ATP production.

5q11.1

NM_001867.1

COX7C

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIc

Mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen.

5q14

BC003674.1

NDUFA2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex

Multisubunit enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, plays a vital role in cellular ATP production.

5q31

NM_014402.1

QP-C

Low molecular mass ubiquinone-binding protein

Activities of oxidoreductase, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase.

5q31.1

BC001917.1

MDH2

Malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial)

Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate (citric acid cycle).

7p12.3-q11.2

NM_002489.1

NDUFA4

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex

Multisubunit enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, plays a vital role in cellular ATP production.

7p21.3

NM_005004.1

NDUFB8

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex

Multisubunit enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

10q23.2-q23.33

NM_004074.1

COX8

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII

Terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain.

11q12-q13

NM_004549.1

NDUFC2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1

Multisubunit enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

11q13.4

AF042165

COX7CP1

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIc

Terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

13q14-q21

NM_001861.1

COX4

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV

Mitochondrial respiratory chain.

16q22-qter

L47162.1

FALDH

Human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase

Detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation.

17p11.2

NM_000382.1

ALDH3A2

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family

Detoxification of aldehydes generated by alcohol metabolism and lipid peroxidation.

17p11.2

NM_021074.1

NDUFV2

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2

Activities of NADH dehydrogenase, electron carrier, and oxidoreductase.

18p11.31-p11.2

M22865.1

CYb5

Human cytochrome b5

Cytochrome c oxidase activity.

18q23

M22976.1

cyt b5

Human cytochrome b5, 3 end

Cytochrome c oxidase activity.

18q23

NM_001914.1

CYB5

Cytochrome b-5

Cytochrome c oxidase activity.

18q23

NM_013387.1

HSPC051

Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex

Activities of oxidoreductase, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase.

22cen-q12.3

NM_001866.1

COX7B

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIb

Encoded by COX, the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen.

Xq13.3

NM_004541.2

NDUFA1

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex

Codes for an essential component of complex I of the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone.

Xq24

Cell communication

BC002669.1

NR2

Nuclear receptor subfamily 2

Predicted to encode proteins that are very similar in primary structure to receptors for steroid hormones or thyroid hormone (T3).

19p13.1

NM_004182.1

UXT

Ubiquitously-expressed transcript

Interacts with the N-terminus of the androgen receptor and plays a role in facilitating receptor-induced transcriptional activation.

Xp11.23-p11.22

M92439.1

LeuP

Human leucine-rich protein

Activate expression of MDR1 and MVP (key components of the cytotoxic defense network).

2p21

Adhesion

NM_006893.1

LGTN

Ligatin

A role in neuroplasticity by modulating cell-cell interactions, intracellular adhesion, and protein binding at membrane surfaces.

1q31-q32

M80927.1

CHI3L1**

Human glycoprotein -39

Extracellular matrix structural constituent, sugar binding, and hydrolase activity.

1q32.1

NM_015717.1

LANGERIN

Langerhans cell specific c-type lectin

Expressed only in Langerhans cells which are immature dendritic cells of the epidermis and mucosa.

2p13

NM_007234.2

DCTN3

Dynactin 3 (p22)

Involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, cytokinesis, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis.

9p13

NM_018663.1

LOC55895

Peroxisomal membrane protein

Peroxisome organization and biogenesis (assembly and arrangement of peroxisome).

12q24.33

Detoxification

NM_001512.1

GSTA4

Glutathione S-transferase A4

Involved in cellular defense against toxic, carcinogenic, and pharmacologically active electrophilic compounds.

6p12.1

NM_004528.1

MGST3

Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3

Involved in the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandin E, important mediators of inflammation.

1q23

NM_002413.1

MGST2

Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2

Catalyzes the conjugation of leukotriene A4 and reduced glutathione to produce leukotriene C4.

4q28.3

NM_015917.1

LOC51064

Glutathione S-transferase subunit 13 homolog

Activities of glutathione transferase, protein disulfide oxidoreductase, and transferase.

7

NM_001752.1

CAT

Catalase

Abnormal expression of catalase in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium strongly suggests pathologic involvement of free radicals in endometriosis and adenomyosis.

11p13

L19185

NKEFB ^n.s.

Human natural killer cell enhancing factor

Reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides.

19p13.2

unknown

NM_016098.1

LOC51660

HSPC040 protein

Unknown Function.

6q27

AL356115

KIAA1128

KIAA1128 protein

Unknown Function.

10q23.2

AK022248

FLJ12186

FLJ12186

Unknown Function.

14q22.3

NM_004868.1

GPSN2

Glycoprotein, synaptic 2

Unknown Function.

19p13.12

AF151056.1

HSPC222

HSPC222

Unknown Function.

unknown