Figure 1
XL-DNA and XS-DNA induce the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB and increase cytokine mRNA levels in bone marrow-derived primary dendritic cells. A. BMDCs were treated with XL-DNA (1 μM) or XS-DNA (1 μM) for the indicated time periods. Cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting. B, C. BMDCs were treated with (B) XL-DNA or XS-DNA at the indicated concentrations for 4 h or (C) 1 μM of XL-DNA or XS-DNA for the indicated time periods. Cytokine mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real time-PCR analysis and normalized with β-actin. The mRNA level of each cytokine was expressed as fold induction compared with control. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3). *, Significantly different from control (p < 0.05). Representative data from three independent experiments are presented.