From: Emerging roles of T helper 17 and regulatory T cells in lung cancer progression and metastasis
Epigenetically disrupted in COPD | Roles in cancer | References |
---|---|---|
IL-1α | Tumor cell-derived IL-1α increases tumor immunogenicity Precursor IL-1α from necrotic tumor cells promotes inflammation | [155] |
IL-1β | Polymorphisms associated with overall cancer risk | [156] |
IL-10 | Polymorphisms associated with overall cancer risk Induces IFN-γ-mediated CD8+ anti-tumor immunity Treg cell-derived IL-10 suppresses Th17 inflammation | |
CCL2 | Promotes metastasis and angiogenesis Recruits monocytes and macrophages contributing to inflammation | |
CXCL1 | Promotes metastasis, angiogenesis and cell proliferation Induces constitutive NF-κB activation Facilitates tissue damage | |
GM-CSF/G-CSF | Promotes angiogenesis G-CSF contributes to myeloid derived suppressor cell recruitment at tumor site | |
LCN2 | Induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes metastasis Promotes cell survival through iron sequesteration | |
HBD1 | Disrupts cell membrane and activates caspases in tumor cells Frequently lost in cancers, including prostate and renal cancers Recruits immature dendritic cell and memory T cell |