Understanding of leukemic stem cells and their clinical implications

Table 1 Anti-LSCs agents that are undergoing in AML clinical trials

Targets	Name of agents	Property of agents	Stage of clinical trials	Clinical trial identifier	References
Cell surface antigens
CD123	CSL360	Monoclonal antibody	Phase I	NCT00401739	[42, 48]
	CSL362	Monoclonal antibody	Phase I	NCT01632852	[48]
	DT388IL-3 (SL-401)	Immunotoxin	Phase I/II	NCT02113982,NCT02270463	[65]
Signaling pathways
PI3K	CAL-101 (Idelalisib)	Inhibitor of PI3K	Phase I	NCT00710528	[114]
AKT	Perifosine	Inhibitor of AKT	Phase I	NCT00301938	[184, 185]
AKT	MK-2206	Inhibitor of AKT	Phase II	NCT01253447	[186, 187]
mTOR	Everolimus(RAD001)	Inhibitor of mTOR	Phase II	NCT00762632	[188]
mTOR	Temsirolimus	Inhibitor of mTOR	Phase II	NCT00775593	[189, 190]
NF-κB	Bortezomib	Inhibitor of IκB	Phase I/II	NCT00651781,NCT00742625	[191, 192]
Wnt	CWP232291	Inhibitor of β-catenin	Phase I	NCT01398462	/
Microenvironment
CXCR4	Plerixafor(AMD3100)	Antagonist of CXCR4	Phase I/II	NCT00990054,NCT00822770	[75–77, 193]

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