IGF-IR signaling in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and targeting IGF-IR therapy: overview and new insights

Table 2 Biomarkers or potential candidates to IGF-IR inhibitory drugs

Biomarkers	Preclinical/clinical	Tumor type	Anti-IGF-IR strategy	Reference
EMT marker	Preclinical	Hepatocellular carcinoma	TKI Linsitinib	[8]
EMT marker	Clinical	Metastatic colorectal	Mab dalotuzumab	[127]
IR-A, IR-B, total IR	Clinical	Breast cancer	Mab cixutumumab	[108]
IRS1	Preclinical	Breast and colorectal cancer	Mab h10H5	[145]
IRS1	Preclinical	Breast cancer	TKI NVP-AEW541	[146]
IGF-I	Clinical	Metastatic colorectal	Mab dalotuzumab	[16]
PIK3CA	Preclinical	Different cancer cells	TKI Linsitinib	[136]
Potential biomarkers	Preclinical/clinical	Tumor type		Reference
Cbl-b	Preclinical	Gastric cancer		[32]
MEMO1	Preclinical	Breast cancer		[132]
CCN6 (WISP3)	Preclinical	Breast cancer		[133, 134]
Mucin 1	Preclinical	Breast cancer		[137]
MicroRNA-7	Preclinical	Gastric cancer		[139]

Mab monoclonal antibody, TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IR insulin receptor, IRS1 insulin receptor substrate 1, IGF-I insulin-like growth factor-I, PIK3CA phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide, Cbl-b E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B cell lymphoma-b, MEMO1 mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility 1, MUC1 mucin1

ISSN: 1476-4598