From: Therapeutic implications of cellular and molecular biology of cancer stem cells in melanoma
Markers | Associated properties and functions | References |
---|---|---|
CD133 | • Tumor initiation • Maintain long-term tumorigenic potential • Chemoresistance • Activates p38 MAPK pathway • Induces metastasis and angiogenesis | |
ABCG2 | • Tumor initiation | [4] |
CD271 | • Associated with metastasis • Establish tumor heterogeneity • Maintain long-term tumor growth | [6] |
ABCB5 | • Self-renewal and differentiation • Tumor initiation • Vasculogenic mimicry | |
ALDH | • Self-renewal and differentiation • Highly tumorigenic • Chemoresistance | [7] |
CD20 | • Highly enrich in melanosphere • Exhibit self-renewal | [3] |
PD-1 | • Highly tumorigenic • Help in the evasion of tumor immunity | [25] |
VEGFR1 | • Higher tumor growth • Vasculogenic mimicry • Coexpressed with ABCB5 | [9] |
CXCR6 | • Self-renewal • Highly tumorigenic | [27] |
JARID1B | • Give rise to highly proliferative progeny • Self-renewal • Exhibits continuous tumor growth and metastasis • Regulates Jagged1/Notch1 signaling | [30] |