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Table 1 CSCs markers are used for their characterizations in melanoma

From: Therapeutic implications of cellular and molecular biology of cancer stem cells in melanoma

Markers

Associated properties and functions

References

CD133

• Tumor initiation

• Maintain long-term tumorigenic potential

• Chemoresistance

• Activates p38 MAPK pathway

• Induces metastasis and angiogenesis

[4, 15]

ABCG2

• Tumor initiation

[4]

CD271

• Associated with metastasis

• Establish tumor heterogeneity

• Maintain long-term tumor growth

[6]

ABCB5

• Self-renewal and differentiation

• Tumor initiation

• Vasculogenic mimicry

[5, 9]

ALDH

• Self-renewal and differentiation

• Highly tumorigenic

• Chemoresistance

[7]

CD20

• Highly enrich in melanosphere

• Exhibit self-renewal

[3]

PD-1

• Highly tumorigenic

• Help in the evasion of tumor immunity

[25]

VEGFR1

• Higher tumor growth

• Vasculogenic mimicry

• Coexpressed with ABCB5

[9]

CXCR6

• Self-renewal

• Highly tumorigenic

[27]

JARID1B

• Give rise to highly proliferative progeny

• Self-renewal

• Exhibits continuous tumor growth and metastasis

• Regulates Jagged1/Notch1 signaling

[30]