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Table 3 Summary of miRNAs that are either up or down regulated or contains conflicting evidence of expression in childhood solid tumours

From: MicroRNA expression patterns and signalling pathways in the development and progression of childhood solid tumours

miRNA/miRNA cluster

Childhood cancer type*

Comments

Ref

miR-17-92 cluster

miR-17-5p, miR-18a, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a, miR-92

NB, WT, MB, ET (upregulated)

c-Myc/n-Myc bind to increase expression in MYCN amplified NB

[70, 76–78, 109, 121]

HB (downregulated)

Upregulation in WT compared to other kidney tumours or normal tissue

Lower expression of miR-17-5p in fetal subtype of HB compared to surrounding non-tumourous liver tissue

Overexpressed in mouse MB models and human MBs (some with constitutively activated Sonic Hedgehog signalling)

High levels of expression of miR-17-5p and miR-19a-3p associate with grade III (advancement) in ET

miR-21

HB (Downregulated)

High relative expression associated with increased overall survival of HB

[121]

PA (upregulated)

Upregulation seen in PA with more aggressive histological features, an important target is PTEN

miR-122-5p

HB (upregulated, dowregulated)

miR-21 was detected in higher levels in HB patients in both the plasma and exosomes compared to control patients.

[25, 122–124]

Low expression of miR-122-5p is seen in the embryonal subtype of HB. Serum miRNA profiles of HB patients indicated high expression of miR-122-5p and could be used in a panel to perform a non-invasive differential diagnosis of liver mass.

  1. * NBneuroblastoma, MBmedulloblastoma, WT Wilms’ Tumour, HB hepatoblastoma, PA pediatric pilocystic astrocytoma, and ET ependymal tumour