Table 3 Pharmacological agents targeting VM
From: Vasculogenic mimicry signaling revisited: focus on non-vascular VE-cadherin
Therapeutic agents | Molecular target or function | Effect on VM | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Bevacizumab (Avastin) | VEGF | no effect | [114] |
PARP inhibition | VE-cadherin | inhibition | [127] |
Thalidomide (Thalomid) | TNFα; ROS producer | inhibition | [147] |
TNP-470 (AGM-1470) | TK inhibition | no effect | [148] |
Endostatin (rhEndostatin, Endostar) | integrin signaling | no effect | [149] |
Rapamycin (Rapamune) | mTOR, VEGF | inhibition | [150] |
Curcumin | EPHA2, PI3K, MMPs | inhibition | [151] |
Isoxanthohumol | TGF-β signaling | inhibition | [152] |
Vadimezan (ASA404, AS1404, DMXAA) | MAPK, VE-cadherin | inhibition | [140] |
Resveratrol | VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 | inhibition | [153] |
Ginsenoside Rg3 | VE-cadherin/MMPs/EPHA2 | inhibition | [154] |