Table 3 Diagnostic, prognostic and predictive applications of selected circulating molecules

CTCs^a

Diagnostic

Bladder cancer

Cell count

[49]

Prognostic

RCC, bladder and prostate cancer

Cell count

[45, 51]

Predictive (recurrence and treatment response)

Prostate cancer

Cell count

[52]

miRNAs

Diagnostic

RCC, bladder and prostate cancer

miR-210, miR-1233, miR-125b, miR-126, let-7e, let-7c, miR-30c, miR-622, and miR-1285

[63]

Prognostic

Bladder and prostate cancer

miR-146a-5p

[57]

Predictive (treatment response)

Prostate cancer

miR-21

[68]

lncRNAs^b

Diagnostic

RCC, bladder and prostate cancer

PCA3, lncRNA-LET, PVT1, PANDAR, PTENP1, linc00963, UCA1, lncRNA H19

[73–75, 77]

Prognostic

Prostate cancer

PCAT18

[79]

Predictive (treatment response)

Bladder cancer

UCA1

[76]

mRNAs^c

Diagnostic

RCC, bladder and prostate cancer

CAIX, UBE2C

[83, 85]

Prognostic

RCC, bladder and prostate cancer

B7-H3, CK20, cBMP6

[84, 86]

Predictive (recurrence and treatment response)

Prostate cancer

AR-V7, PSCA,

[89, 90]

Proteins

Diagnostic

RCC, bladder and prostate cancer

AQP1, PLIN2, APOA1, APOA 2, APOB, APOC2, APOC3, APOE, β-MSMB

[99, 100, 104, 105, 108]

Prognostic

RCC and prostate cancer

Hsp27, KNG1, APOD, FG, HP, CAV1, CAV2

[98, 109]

Peptides

Diagnostic

RCC and prostate cancer

-

[101, 110]

Prognostic

Bladder cancer

-

[106, 107]

Exosomes

Diagnostic

RCC and prostate cancer

miR-126-3p, miR-449a, miR-34b-5p, miR-34a, miR-148a

[118, 119, 122]

Prognostic

Bladder cancer

HOTAIR, HOX-AS-2, ANRIL, linc-RoR

[120]

Predictive (recurrence and treatment response)

RCC and prostate cancer

LncARSR, MDR-1, MDR -3, PABP4

[119, 122, 123]