Emerging roles of lipid metabolism in cancer metastasis

Table 1 Chemical inhibitors of lipid enzymes associated with cancer metastasis

Lipid metabolism type	Enzyme	Inhibitor	Mechanism	References
Lipid anabolic metabolism	ACC	Metformin	activates AMPK, Indirect,FDA approved	Pollak 2012 [92]
	ACC	AICAR	activates AMPK,Indirect	Jose et al. 2011 [93]; Swinnen et al. 2005 [94]
	ACLY	LY294002	PI3K inhibitor, indirect	Migita et al. 2008 [11]
	ACLY	SB-204990		Hatzivassiliou et al. 2005 [95] ; Ros et al. 2012 [96]
	FASN	Orlistat	FDA approved	Lupu and Menendez 2006 [97]
		Flavonoids	Natural compound	Lupu and Menendez 2006 [97]
		cerulenin		Yasumoto Y 2016 [25]
	PAP	propranolol	lipins inhibitor	Grkovich A et al. 2006 [98]
	SCD	BZ36		Fritz et al. 2010 [99]
	SCD	A939572		Roongta et al. 2011 [100]
	SQS	zaragozic acid A		Yang Y et al. 2014 [82]
Lipid catabolic metabolism	CPT1	Etomoxir	CPT1 inhibitor	Samudio et al. 2010 [66]; Pike et al. 2011 [101]
	CPT1	Perhexiline	CPT1 & CPT2 inhibitor	Liu PP et al. 2016 [102]
	MAGL	JZL184	Irreversible catalytic site inhibitor	Nomura et al. 2010 [36]; Long JZ et al. 2009 [103]
	MAGL	JJKK048	Irreversible catalytic site inhibitor	Aaltonen N et al. 2013 [104]
	PLA2	Varespladib methyl	sPLA2 inhibitor, direct	Karakas M et al. 2009 [105]
		Ecopladib	cPLA2 inhibitor, direct	Lee KL et al. 2007 [106]
		Giripladib	cPLA2 inhibitor, direct	McKew JC et al. 2006 (U.S. Patent) [107]
		FKGK11	iPLA2 inhibitor	Baskakis C et al. 2008 [108]
		Darapladib	Lp-PLA1 inhibitor, direct	García-García HM et al. 2012 [109]
	PLD	FIPI	PLD1/2 inhibitor, direct	Su W et al. 2009 [110]
		VU0359595	PLD1 inhibitor, direct	Lewis JA et al. 2009 [111]
		VU0364739	PLD2 inhibitor, direct	Lavieri RR et al. 2010 [112]

ACLY ATP citrate lyase, ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase, CPT1 carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, FASN fatty-acid synthase, MAGL monoacylglycerol lipase, PAP phosphatidic acid phosphatase, PLA ₂, Phospholipase A_2, PLD Phospholipase D, SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturases, SQS Squalene synthase

ISSN: 1476-4598