Fig. 3

Targeted activation of GPER inhibited in vitro growth of CRC cells. Cells were treated with various concentrations of G-1 for 48 h (a) or 1 μM G-1 for the indicated times (b), then cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 kit; (c) HCT-116 cells were synchronized at the G1/S transition by a double TdR block, and then treated with 1 μM G-1 for the indicated times. The cell cycles were analyzed by FCM; (d) HCT-116 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of G-1 for 48 h, stained with annexin V-FITC and PI, and then analyzed by FCM for cell apoptosis; (e) HCT-116 cells were treated with G-1 as the indicated concentrations for 24 h, and then JC-1, the mitochondria-specific dye, was added to measure the membrane polarity (ΔΨm) and cell apoptosis. Apoptotic cells mainly show green fluorescence (FITC), while healthy cells show red fluorescence (PE). Data were presented as means ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 compared with control