Table 1 Characteristics of different nanoparticles

Polymer-based nanoparticles

Synthetic polymers: PEI, PLL, PAMAM;

natural polymers: chitosan, atelocollagen

Higher thermodynamic stability and dynamic stability

1. Low toxicity, good biocompatibility, high security

2. Biodegradable, low immunogenicity

3. Nanocarrier surfaces should be positively charged

4. High gene transfection efficiency

5. Mass production, low cost

Lipid-based nanoparticles

Liposomes, micelles, emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles

Superior stability; can be sterilized and freeze-dried

Inorganic nanoparticles

MSNs, carbon nanotubes, QDS, gold nanoparticles

High surface area and large pore volume, strong surface plasmon resonance absorption

Exosome-mimetic nanovesicles

High production yield, efficient loading and reduction of target cells