Fig. 2

Role of exosomes in sustaining cancer resistance networks. Exosome mediated export of biological material can induce a microenvironment favorable for resistance. Exosome released factor can promote a EMT cell morphology, resulting in stemness; b promote fibroblast like cell formation that causes desmoplatic reaction (stromal reaction); c promote immune escape mechanisms and d promote angiogenesis and metastasis. The miRNAs expelled by exosomes can regulate multiple signaling pathways that cumulatively promote resistant phenotype of most tumors