Table 1 MicroRNAs and exosomal miRNAs mediate CAF formation and activation
From: Exosomal miRNAs and miRNA dysregulation in cancer-associated fibroblasts
Differentially expressed microRNAs | Cancer type | Mechanism | Cancer cell function change | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Exosomal miR-155 | Pancreatic cancer | Down-regulation of its target TP53INP1 | Not mentioned | [50] |
Exosomal miR-211 | Melanoma cancer | Inhibition of IGF2R, hyper-activating IGF1R/MAPK signaling. | Proliferation, motility, collagen contraction | [55] |
Exosomal miR-21/−155/−146a/−148a and let-7 g | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | [52] |
Exosomal miR-133b | Prostate cancer | IL-6 stimulation of CAF released miR133b to active NF | Not mentioned | [54] |
Exosomal miR-9 | Triple-negative breast cancer | Not mentioned | Migration and invasion | [53] |
Down-regulated miR-1/−206 and up-regulated miR-31 | NSCLC | FOXO3a/VEGFA/CCL2 signaling | Migration, colony formation, TAMs recruitment, tumor growth, and angiogenesis | [56] |
Down-regulated miR-31/−214 and up-regulated miR-155 | Ovarian cancer | miR-214 target CCL5 | Growth, invasion, motility | [57] |
Up-regulated miR-210 | Prostate cancer | Overexpression of hypoxia-up-regulated miR-210 | EMT and angiogenesis | [62] |
Up-regulated miR-21 | Human normal primary fibroblasts | MiR-21 binds to the 3’UTR of Smad7 mRNA and inhibits its translation to reduce the competition between TGFBR1; Smad 7 binds to Smad 2 and 3. | Not mentioned | [63] |
Up-regulated miR-21 | Esophageal cancer | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | [64] |
Up-regulated miR-27a/b | Esophageal cancer | Not mentioned | Increased secretion of TGF-β leads to cisplatin resistance | [59] |
UP-regulated miR-7 | Head and neck cancer | Not mentioned | MiR-7 down-regulates RASSF2, which decreases PAR-4 secretion from CAFs, enhancing cell proliferation and migration | [60] |
Up-regulated miR-199a/−214 | Pancreatic cancer | Not mentioned | Migration and proliferation | [65] |
Down-regulated miR-149 | Gastric cancer | MiR-149 inhibits the activation of fibroblasts by reducing IL-6 and EP2 expression | EMT and stem-like properties | [66] |
Up-regulated miR-409-3p/−409-5p | Prostate cancer | Not mentioned | Over-expressed miR-409 in NFs confers a CAF phenotype and leads to miR-409 release by extracellular vesicles to promote tumorigenesis and EMT | [84] |
Down-regulated miR-200Â s | Breast cancer | Down-regulated miR-200Â s up-regulates fibronectin and lysyl oxidase | Migration, invasion, metastasis | [61] |