Pyruvate kinase M2 fuels multiple aspects of cancer cells: from cellular metabolism, transcriptional regulation to extracellular signaling

Table 1 Prognostic significance of PKM2 in human cancers

Cancer	Detection	Gene	Expression	Prognosis	Ref.
Mesothelioma	qRT-PCR	PKM2, ARHGDIA	Increased	Poor	[58]
		TM4SF1, COBLL1
Chordoma	IHC	PKM2, ENO1, gp96	increased	poor	[59]
Gastric cancer	q-RT-PCR/IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[60]
Gallbladder cancer	IHC	PKM2, ACVR 1C	increased	poor	[61]
		GAPDHS, TYRP1
Melanoma	IHC	PKM2, GAPDH	increased	poor	[62]
Ovarian cancer	q-RT-PCR/IHC	PKM2, GAPDH, ATP5B	increased	poor	[63]
Tongue cancer	IHC	PKM2, LDH5	increased	poor	[64]
Esophageal cancer	IHC/WB	PKM2, HK1, PFKB	increased	poor	[65]
Hepatoma	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[66]
Hepatoma	IHC	PKM2, TRIM35	increased	poor	[67]
Hepatoma	IHC	PKM2, Bim	increased	poor	[68]
Cervical cancer	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[69]
Oral cancer	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[70]
Pancreatic cancer	IHC	PKM2, HK2	increased	poor	[71]
Breast cancer	IHC	PKM2, VEGF-C	increased	poor	[72]
Pancreatic cancer	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[73]
Gastric cancer	IHC	PKM2, HK1	increased	poor	[74]
Cholangiocarcinoma	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[75]
Colorectal cancer	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[76]
Pancreatic cancer	IHC	PKM2, LDHA	increased	poor	[77]
Gallbladder cancer	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[78]
Osteosarcoma	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[79]
Gastric cancer	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[80]
Ovarian cancer	IHC	PKM2	increased	poor	[81]

Abbreviation: q-RT-PCR quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ARHGDI Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha, TM4SF1 transmembrane 4 L six family member 1, COBLL1 Cordon-Bleu WH2 repeat protein like 1, ENO1 enolase-1, gp96 heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1, ACVR 1C activin A receptor type 1C, GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDHS glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic, TYRP1 tyrosinase related protein 1, ATP5B mitochondrial ATP synthase beta subunit, LDH5 lactate dehydrogenase 5, HK1 hexokinase 1, PFKB phosphofructokinase-2, TRIM35 Tripartite motif containing 35, HK2 hexokinase 2, VEGF-C vascular endothelial growth factor C

ISSN: 1476-4598