Fig. 1
From: Engineering chimeric antigen receptor-T cells for cancer treatment
Tumor ecosystem and cancer-immune phenotypes. a Oncogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells with the expression of CD19 in leukemia microenvironment and its clonal evolution from ancestral clones at diagnosis or relapse time point. b The tumor ecosystem contains malignant, immune, stromal and endothelial cells in individual tumor patients. MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cell. c-e Three cancer-immune phenotypes including immune-inflamed (c), immune-desert (d) and immune-excluded phenotypes (e), are related with specific underlying biological mechanisms that may contribute to tumor immune evasion, which then can affect the therapeutic response of immunotherapies