Fig. 6

Transcriptome profile identifies novel downstream genes and pathways induced by BMP5. a The global expression profile of HT-29 and BMP5 expressing HT-29 cells was analyzed by RNA-seq analysis. The heat map shows the differentially gene expression patterns (fold change > 1.5 or < 0.667). b (Left) GO analysis of differentially expressed genes. (Right) Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes. A Fisher exact test was used to find the significant enrichment GO term or pathway. The resulting P values were adjusted using the BH FDR algorithm. c Differentially expressed genes in Jak-Stat signaling pathway, EMT, and chemokine pathway identified in RNA-seq were confirmed by qPCR. d BMP5 was positively correlated with its receptors BMPR1A and BMPR2, and negatively correlated with STAT2 (P = 0.0013, r = − 0.1635) in all CRC samples. In Stage IV samples, the correlation was stronger for both STAT2 (P = 0.0163, r = − 0.3316) and EPSTI1 (P = 0.0088, r = − 0.3743). e IL-28A can activate EPSTI1 expression, while BMP5 can inhibit EPSTI1 expression. Addition of BMP5 can attenuate the activation of EPSTI1 induced by IL-28A in HT-29 cells. f Schematic model of BMP5-induced inhibition of Jak-Stat signaling pathway