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Table 1 Overview of exosomal cargos and functions in GC

From: Exosomes in gastric cancer: roles, mechanisms, and applications

Cargo type

Exosomal cargo

Originated cells

Recipient cells

Function

Reference

Protein

BMPs

SGC-7901

Pericytes

Induce transition into cancer-associated fibroblasts

[45]

EGFR

SGC-7901

Primary mouse liver cells

Promote gastric cancer liver metastasis

[46]

TGF-β1

Plasma from GC patients

CD4+CD45RA+ naïve T cells

Induce Treg cell differentiation

[43]

TGF-β

SGC-7901 and HGC-27

HucMSCs

Trigger differentiation to carcinoma-associated fibroblasts

[44]

HMGB1

BGC-823, HGC-27, MGC-803, and SGC-7901

Neutrophils

Induce autophagy and pro-tumor activation

[8]

GKN1

HFE-145

AGS and MKN1

Inhibit gastric tumorigenesis

[47]

CagA

CagA-expressing WT-A10

WT-10 and AGS

Involved in the development of extragastric disorders associated with CagA-positive H. pylori infection

[48]

Apolipoprotein E

TAM

MFC and MGC-803

Promote cell migration

[49]

MET

H. pylori-infected AGS

TAM

Promoted tumor growth and progression

[50]

UBR2

p53−/−mBMMSC

p53+/+ mBMMSC and MFC

Promote cell proliferation, migration, and stemness

[51]

TRIM3

Overexpressed MGC-803 and SGC-7901

MGC-803 and SGC-7901

Suppress gastric cancer growth and metastasis

[52]

miRNA

let-7 miRNA

AZ-P7a

/

Maintain cell malignance

[56]

miR-423-5p

Overexpressed SGC-7901 and HGC-27

SGC-7901 and HGC-27

Promote cancer growth and metastasis

[54]

miR-155-5p

Paclitaxel-resistant MGC-803R

Paclitaxel-sensitive MGC-803S

Promote EMT transition and chemoresistance

[55]

miR-130a

SGC-7901

HUVECs

Promote angiogenesis and tumor growth

[57]

miR-27a

SGC-7901

CCC-HSF-1

Promote transformation into cancer-associated fibroblasts

[23]

miR-451

MKN45

Th17

Increase Th17 differentiation

[58]

miR-21-5p

MGC-803, MKN-45, HGC-27, and SGC-7901

PMC and HMrSV5

Induce MMT and promote tumor peritoneal metastasis

[59]

miR-21

TAM

BGC-823

Contributes to cell proliferation

[60]

miR-21

TAM

MFC and MGC-803

Confer cisplatin resistance

[61]

miR-221

GC-MSC

HGC-27

Promote cell proliferation and migration

[62]

miR-221

BM-MSCs

BGC-823 and SGC-7901

Enhance cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion to the matrix

[63]

lncRNA

ZFAS1

BGC-823

MKN-28

Enhance cell proliferation and migration

[64]

circRNA

ciRS-133

SGC-7901

3T3L1

Promote differentiation into brown-like cells

[68]