Fig. 3

Combination of neoantigen vaccines with other therapies. Combination of neoantigen vaccines with the checkpoint inhibition therapy can relieve the tumor cell-mediated inhibition of effector T cells. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can assist vaccines play a better effect. Drugs targeting the immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment were administered to circumvent the inactivation of T cells by various molecules and cells in the tumor microenvironment. In combination with CAR-T therapy, T cells specifically targeting neoantigens were cultured in vitro and then injected into the body to generate effector T cells and memory T cells, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor effect