From: Crosstalk between autophagy and metabolic regulation of cancer stem cells
Metabolism-based strategies | Compound | Mechanism of action | CSC or tumor type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glycolysis inhibition | 2-Deoxy-D-glucose | Glycolysis inhibitor | Breast CSCs | [21] |
3-BP | Glycolysis inhibitor | Glioblastoma CSCs, PDACs | [56] | |
DCA | Metabolic shift from glycolysis to OXPHOS | GBM cells | [57] | |
Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration | Metformin | Complex I inhibitor | Pancreatic CSCs, CSCs of HT29 cell line derived from colorectal cancer | |
Phenformin | ||||
Rotenone | ||||
Antimycin-A | Complex III inhibitor | Lung CSCs | ||
Bedaquiline | Complex V inhibitor | Breast CSCs | ||
Oligomycin | Complex V inhibitor | Glioblastomas | ||
Salinomycin analogs | Lysosomal iron sequestration | Breast CSCs | [63] | |
Impairs autophagic flux | Breast CSCs | [64] | ||
Interference with ABC transporters | Breast, AML, lung, gastric, osteosarcoma, colorectal, pancreatic and prostate CSCs | [65] | ||
Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | ||||
188Re-Liposome | Mitophagy inhibitor | Ovarian CSCs | [66] | |
Doxycycline | Mitochondrial biogenesis inhibitor and inducer of apoptosis | Breast and cervical CSCs | ||
XCT-790 | ETC uncoupler, mitochondrial biogenesis inhibitor, inhibitor of ERRα-PGC-1 signaling pathway | Breast CSCs | [31] | |
Mdivi-1 | Fission inhibitor, inhibitor of assembly of Drp1 and its GTPase activity | Breast CSC, brain tumor initiating cells | ||
Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling | Zaprinast | Inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis, glutaminase inhibitor | Non-small lung and glutamine-addicted pancreatic cancer cell lines | |
BPTES | ||||
968 | ||||
BSO | ||||
Apigenin | Neutralizer of ROS-induced NRF2 activity, STAT3 signaling pathway inhibitor, inhibitor of the NRF2 and NF-ƙB pathways | Ovarian and prostate CSCs, triple-negative breast cancers, leukemia stem-like cells | ||
ATRA | ||||
Brusatol | ||||
Disulfiram | ||||
Trigonelline | ||||
Lipid metabolism | 2M14NQ | Blocks CD36 activity and fatty acid uptake | Glioblastoma CSCs | [77] |
Soraphen A | Inhibitor of ACC | Breast CSCs | ||
Chloroquine | Inhibition of autophagy | Breast CSCs | ||
TVB-2640 | FASN inhibitor | Breast CSCs | [78] | |
MF-438 | SCD-1 inhibitor, inhibitor of FAO | Lung CSCs, liver cancer, glioblastoma and AML cells | ||
SSI-4 | ||||
A939572 | ||||
Etomoxir | ||||
ST1326 | Inhibition of FAO | AML cells | ||
Avocatin B | ||||
Emodin | ACLY inhibitor | Lung CSCs | [85] | |
TVB-2640 | Inhibitor of HMG-COAR, inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis through the mevalonate pathway | Breast and brain CSCs |