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Table 1 PVT1 and circPVT1 structural and functional alterations in hematological malignancies

From: Linear and circular PVT1 in hematological malignancies and immune response: two faces of the same coin

Hematological malignancy

PVT1

Molecular alteration

Downstream genes (direct or indirect regulation)

Functional role

References

AML

Linear

Genomic amplification, rearrangements (PVT1-CCDC26

PVT1-NSMCE2), upregulation

MYC

↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis,

maintenance of an undifferentiated phenotype

[39,40,41,42,43,44]

AML

Circular

Genomic amplification, rearrangements

  

[41]

APL

Linear

Genomic amplification, upregulation

MYC

Maintenance of an undifferentiated phenotype, cell cycle progression

[45,46,47]

AEL

Linear

Upregulation

MYC, p15, p16, BCL2

↑ proliferation,

↓ apoptosis and necrosis

[17, 48, 49]

B-ALL

Circular

Upregulation

MYC, BCL2

↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis

[50, 51]

T-ALL

Circular

Upregulation

MYC, BCL2

↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis

[50]

T-ALL

Linear

Upregulation

MYC, p15, p16, BCL2, Caspase-3

↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis

[52]

CLL

Linear

t(8;13) (q24;q14) and deletion, upregulation

  

[53]

BL

Linear

t(2;8), t(8;22)

MYC, CDKN2A, CDN1B, RB1, CCND2, GADD45A, CDC20, CDK4, CD6, ATM, BRCA2

↑ proliferation

[54,55,56,57,58]

HL

Susceptibility loci at 8q24.21 near or in the PVT1 gene

rs2019960, rs2608053

  

[59, 60]

DLBCL

Susceptibility loci at 8q24.21 in close proximity to PVT1, focal promoter deletions, amplification

rs13255292, and rs4733601

MYC, BCL2

double-hit-like expression pattern (focal deletions of promoter)

[61,62,63,64]

FL

Susceptibility locus at 8q24.21 near PVT1

rs13254990

  

[65]

MM

Linear

Genomic amplification, translocations, upregulation

MYC, BCL2, miR-203

↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis

[48, 66,67,68,69]

MM

Circular

Upregulation

BCL2, Caspase-3, PARP

↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis,

resistance to glucocorticoid treatment

[70]