Table 2 Mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance mediated by lncRNAs

MALAT1

Inducing

5-FU, DDP, VCR

miR-23B-3P, ATG12, miR-30b, ATG5, SOX2, nanog

CeRNA, Inducing autophagy, Increasing cancer stemness

[121,122,123]

AK022798

Inducing

DDP

caspase8, caspase3, MRP1

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Regulating MDR-related genes

[124]

CRAL

Reversing

DDP

miR-505, CYLD, PI3K/AKT

CeRNA, Promoting DNA damage and apoptosis

[125]

ROR

Inducing

ADR, VCR

MRP1

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Regulating MDR-related genes

[126]

XLOC_006753

Inducing

5-FU, DDP

PI3K/AKT/mTOR, caspase9, Wnt/β-catenin, Vimentin, Snail

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Promoting EMT

[127]

MACC1-AS1

Inducing

5-FU, OXA

miR-145-5p, CD133, OCT4, SOX2, LIN28

CeRNA, Increasing cancer stemness

[128]

D63785

Inducing

DOX

miR-422a, MEF2D

CeRNA, Inhibiting cell apoptosis

[129]

LINC01433

Inducing

DOX, DDP

YAP, USP9X

Inhibiting cell apoptosis

[130]

HOXD-AS1

Inducing

DDP

EZH2, PDCD4,

H3K27me3

Epigenetically silencing PDCD4 via recruiting EZH2

[131]

HULC

Reversing

DDP, ADM, 5-FU

FOXM1

Suppressing autophagy, Promoting cell apoptosis

[132, 133]

PCAT-1

Inducing

DDP

miR-128, ZEB1, EZH2, PTEN, H3K27me3

CeRNA, Promoting EMT, Epigenetically silencing PTEN via recruiting EZH2

[134, 135]

CASC2

Reversing

DDP

miR-19a

CeRNA, Promoting cell apoptosis

[136]

HOTAIR

Inducing

DDP, 5-FU, ADM, MMC, PTX

miR-17-5p, PTEN, miR-217, miR-34a, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin

miR-126

CeRNA, Promoting EMT, Regulating MDR-related genes, Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Promoting cell proliferation

[137,138,139,140]

THOR

Inducing

DDP

SOX9

Increasing cancer stemness

[141]

BLACAT1

Inducing

OXA

miR-361, ABCB1

CeRNA, Inhibiting apoptosis and promoting invasion, Regulating MDR-related genes

[142]

GHET1

Inducing

DDP

BAK, BCL-2, MDR1, MRP1

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Regulating MDR-related genes

[143]

ANRIL

Inducing

5-FU, DDP

MDR1, MRP1

Regulating MDR-related genes

[144]

UCA1

Inducing

ADM, DDP, 5-FU

PARP, BCL-2, miR-27b, caspase-3

CeRNA, Inhibiting cell apoptosis

[145, 146]

PVT1

Inducing

PTX, 5-FU, DDP

BCL-2, MDR1, MRP1, mTOR, HIF-1α

Inhibiting cell apoptosis

[147, 148]

MRUL

Inducing

ADM, VCR

ABCB1

Inhibiting cell apoptosis

[149]

SNHG5

Inducing

DDP

BCL-2, BAX, MDR1, MRP1

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Regulating MDR-related genes

[150]

DANCR

Inducing

DDP

MDR1, MRP1

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Regulating MDR-related genes

[151]

FAM84B-AS

Inducing

DDP

FAM84B, caspase3, caspase7, caspase9, BCL2, BCL-xL

Inhibiting cell apoptosis

[152]

BCAR4

Inducing

DDP

Wnt/β-catenin, Nanog, OCT3/4, SOX2, c-Myc, KLF4

Increasing cancer stemness

[153]

NEAT1

Inducing

ADM

N/A

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Promoting invasion

[154]

LEIGC

Reversing

5-FU

CDH1, E-cad, Vimentin, Twist, Slug, ZEB1, Snail

Inhibiting EMT

[155]

CASC9

Inducing

ADM, PTX

MDR1

Inhibiting cell apoptosis, Promoting cell proliferation

[156]

HOTTIP

Inducing

DDP, ADM, 5-FU

E-cad, ZO1, N-cad, Vimentin, ZEB1, Twist

Promoting EMT

[157]

Inducing

OXA, 5-FU

MiR-3619-5p, SOX2, OCT4, LIN28, CD1331

CeRNA, Increasing cancer stemness

[158]