Fig. 2
From: The role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in cancer metabolism
Regulation of metabolic enzymes by ubiquitination and deubiquitination in cancer metabolism. Glycolysis is upregulated to provide more glycolytic intermediates for biosynthesis of macromolecules. Glutamine uptake is enhanced to maintain mitochondrial ATP production. Fatty acids synthesis is increased for membrane biosynthesis. Metabolic enzymes involved in the glucose, fatty acid and amino acid metabolic pathways are under the regulation of ubiquitination and deubiquitination to control cancer metabolism. The ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes in red font positively regulate the activity or expression level of substrate proteins. The ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes in blue font negatively regulate the activity or expression level of substrate proteins. ACC, Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase; ACLY, ATP citrate lyase; ACO1/2, Aconitate hydratase 1/2; ACS, Acyl-CoA synthetase; ADI, Arginine deiminase; ALDOA, Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A; ARG, Arginase; ASCT2, Neutral amino acid transporter B; ASL, Argininosuccinate lyase; ASS, Argininosuccinate synthase; CPT1, Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1; CS, Citrate synthase; ENO 1, Enolase 1; FASN, Fatty acid synthase; FH, Fumarate hydratase; G6PD, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLS1, Glutaminase 1; GLUD1, Glutamate dehydrogenase 1; GLUT1, Glucose transporter type 1; GOT, Aspartate aminotransferase; HK1, Hexokinase 1; HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; IDH1/2, Isocitrate dehydrogenase1/2; LDHA, L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain; MDH, Malate dehydrogenase; ME, NADP-dependent malic enzyme; PDH, Pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK, Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PFK, Phosphofructokinase; PFKFB3, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3; PFKL, PFK liver type; PFKP, PFK1 platelet isoform; PGAM5, Phosphoglycerate mutase 5; PGK1, Phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PHGDH, D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; PKM2, Pyruvate kinase M2; PRODH, Proline dehydrogenase; PSAT1, Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1; PSPH, Phosphoserine phosphatase; PYCR, Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase; SDH, Succinate dehydrogenase; SHMT1, Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1; SQLE, Squalene epoxidase; TCA, Tricarboxylic acid; α-KGDH, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase