From: The role of m6A, m5C and Ψ RNA modifications in cancer: Novel therapeutic opportunities
Factor/Enzyme | Cancer type | Alteration | Mechanism | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Writers | ||||
NOP2 | Breast cancer | Upregulated | Unknown. | [190] |
Leukaemia | Increased | NSUN1 mediates chromatin structures that modulate 5-AZA resistance. | [216] | |
Lung adenocarcinoma | Upregulated | Unknown. | [192] | |
Prostate cancer | Upregulated | Unknown. | [191] | |
NSUN2 | Bladder cancer | Upregulated | NSUN2 targets HDGF 3' UTR. | [157] |
Skin, breast and colon cancer | Upregulated | Unknown. | [194] | |
Squamous cell carcinoma | Upregulated | Protects tRNA from cleavage and increases cell survival | [33] | |
Gallbladder carcinoma | Upregulated | NSUN2 interaction with RPL6. | [197] | |
Gastric cancer | Upregulated | Repressing p57(Kip2) in an m5C-dependent manner. | [200] | |
Head and neck squamous carcinoma | Upregulated | Unknown. | [199] | |
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Upregulated | Increased methylation and stability of NMR lncRNA. | [172] | |
Ovarian cancer | Upregulated | Unknown. | [195] | |
Several cancers | Increase copy number | Unknown. | [198] | |
NSUN3 | Leukaemia | Undetermined | NSUN3 direct binding to hnRNPK. | [216] |
Lung Cancer | Genomic aberrations | Unknown. | [346] | |
NSUN4 | Breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer | Susceptibility Loci | Unknown. | [202] |
HCC | High expression | Methylation processes. | [203] | |
NSUN5 | Glioblastoma | Downregulation | Ribosome structural changes that lead to stress adaptive translational programmes. | [24] |
NSUN7 | Low Grade Gliomas | High expression | Unknown. | [204] |
DNMT2 | Leukaemia | Undetermined | DNMT2 direct binding to hnRNPK. | [216] |
Several cancer types | Upregulated and somatic mutations | Inhibition of m5C deposition in tRNAs. | [201] | |
Erasers/5-hydroxymethylcytosine writers | ||||
TET1 | Glioblastoma | Upregulated | Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation. | [213] |
TET2 | Glioblastoma | Downregulated | Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation. | [214] |
AML | Point mutations | Unknown. | [210] | |
TET3 | Glioblastoma | Downregulated | Unknown. | [215] |
TET Family | Hematologic malignancies | Several | Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation. | [212] |
TET1/TET2 | HCC | Downregulated | Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation. | [347] |
ALKBH1 | ALL | Upregulated | Unknown. | [211] |
Gastric cancer | Upregulated | Unknown. | [348] | |
Readers | ||||
YBX1 | Bladder cancer | Upregulated | YB1 translocation to the nucleus induces acquisition of drug resistance by upregulating expression of multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) gene. | [349] |
Breast cancer | Upregulated | YB1 interacts and inhibits ESR1-FOXA1 complex. | [350] | |
Several cancer types | Upregulated | Multifunctional oncoprotein. | [351] | |
ALYREF | HCC | High expression | Cell cycle regulation and mitosis. | [203] |
Oral squamous cell carcinoma | High expression | Unknown. | [352] | |
Several cancer types | High expression | Unknown. | [353] |