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Table 2 Role of aberrant deposition of m5C in cancer. AML: Acute myeloid leukaemia; ALL: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; HCC: Hepatocellular Carcinoma

From: The role of m6A, m5C and Ψ RNA modifications in cancer: Novel therapeutic opportunities

Factor/Enzyme

Cancer type

Alteration

Mechanism

Ref

Writers

NOP2

Breast cancer

Upregulated

Unknown.

[190]

Leukaemia

Increased

NSUN1 mediates chromatin structures that modulate 5-AZA resistance.

[216]

Lung adenocarcinoma

Upregulated

Unknown.

[192]

Prostate cancer

Upregulated

Unknown.

[191]

NSUN2

Bladder cancer

Upregulated

NSUN2 targets HDGF 3' UTR.

[157]

Skin, breast and colon cancer

Upregulated

Unknown.

[194]

Squamous cell carcinoma

Upregulated

Protects tRNA from cleavage and increases cell survival

[33]

Gallbladder carcinoma

Upregulated

NSUN2 interaction with RPL6.

[197]

Gastric cancer

Upregulated

Repressing p57(Kip2) in an m5C-dependent manner.

[200]

Head and neck squamous carcinoma

Upregulated

Unknown.

[199]

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Upregulated

Increased methylation and stability of NMR lncRNA.

[172]

Ovarian cancer

Upregulated

Unknown.

[195]

Several cancers

Increase copy number

Unknown.

[198]

NSUN3

Leukaemia

Undetermined

NSUN3 direct binding to hnRNPK.

[216]

Lung Cancer

Genomic aberrations

Unknown.

[346]

NSUN4

Breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer

Susceptibility Loci

Unknown.

[202]

HCC

High expression

Methylation processes.

[203]

NSUN5

Glioblastoma

Downregulation

Ribosome structural changes that lead to stress adaptive translational programmes.

[24]

NSUN7

Low Grade Gliomas

High expression

Unknown.

[204]

DNMT2

Leukaemia

Undetermined

DNMT2 direct binding to hnRNPK.

[216]

Several cancer types

Upregulated and somatic mutations

Inhibition of m5C deposition in tRNAs.

[201]

Erasers/5-hydroxymethylcytosine writers

TET1

Glioblastoma

Upregulated

Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation.

[213]

TET2

Glioblastoma

Downregulated

Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation.

[214]

AML

Point mutations

Unknown.

[210]

TET3

Glioblastoma

Downregulated

Unknown.

[215]

TET Family

Hematologic malignancies

Several

Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation.

[212]

TET1/TET2

HCC

Downregulated

Unrelated to RNA hydroxymethylation.

[347]

ALKBH1

ALL

Upregulated

Unknown.

[211]

Gastric cancer

Upregulated

Unknown.

[348]

Readers

YBX1

Bladder cancer

Upregulated

YB1 translocation to the nucleus induces acquisition of drug resistance by upregulating expression of multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) gene.

[349]

Breast cancer

Upregulated

YB1 interacts and inhibits ESR1-FOXA1 complex.

[350]

Several cancer types

Upregulated

Multifunctional oncoprotein.

[351]

ALYREF

HCC

High expression

Cell cycle regulation and mitosis.

[203]

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

High expression

Unknown.

[352]

Several cancer types

High expression

Unknown.

[353]