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Table 3 Role of pseudouridylases in cancer. AML: Acute myeloid leukaemia; CLL: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; HCC: Hepatocellular Carcinoma

From: The role of m6A, m5C and Ψ RNA modifications in cancer: Novel therapeutic opportunities

Factor/Enzyme

Cancer type

Regulation

Mechanism

Ref

Writers

DKC1

Breast cancer

Downregulated

DKC1 downregulation leads to an impairment of hTR stabilization, telomerase activity and proper rRNA pseudouridylation.

[256, 257]

CLL

Downregulated

Lower telomerase activity and lower expression of sheltering components, which facilitates telomeric damages.

[266]

Colorectal and lung cancer

Sporadic mutations

Unknown.

[254]

Colorectal cancer

Upregulated

DKC1 increases the expression of TERC and rRNA pseudouridylation, promoting proliferation.

[258, 259]

Glioblastoma

Upregulated

DKC1 upregulates the expression of N-cadherin, MMP-2, HIF1A, CDK2 and cyclin E.

[264]

Head and neck cancer

Upregulated

Unknown.

[262, 263]

HCC

Upregulated

Unknown.

[265]

Lung cancer

Upregulated

High levels of TERC, leading an increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis.

[260]

Multiple myeloma

Genomic mutation

Telomere length and expression levels of small nucleolar and small Cajal body-specific RNAs.

[268,269,270]

Prostate cancer

Upregulated

Increased abundance of several H/ACA snoRNAs.

[261]

Skin cancer

Sporadic mutations

Unknown.

[255]

 

Pituitary cancer

Sporadic mutations

Defected translation of specific mRNAs harbouring internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements, including the tumour suppressor p27.

[277]

PUS1

Melanoma and breast cancer

No change

Interaction of steroid receptor RNA activator 1 (SRA1) with retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) in melanoma cells and with oestrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer cell lines.

[282]

PUS7

Myelodysplastic syndromes/ AML

Loss

Reduced bioproduction of tRNA-derived fragments leading to significantly higher protein synthesis.

[230, 285]

PUS10

Prostate cancer

No change

PUS10 is a coactivator of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis.

[283]

Lung cancer

Genomic alterations

Unknown.

[284]