From: The role of m6A, m5C and Ψ RNA modifications in cancer: Novel therapeutic opportunities
Factor/Enzyme | Cancer type | Regulation | Mechanism | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Writers | ||||
DKC1 | Breast cancer | Downregulated | DKC1 downregulation leads to an impairment of hTR stabilization, telomerase activity and proper rRNA pseudouridylation. | |
CLL | Downregulated | Lower telomerase activity and lower expression of sheltering components, which facilitates telomeric damages. | [266] | |
Colorectal and lung cancer | Sporadic mutations | Unknown. | [254] | |
Colorectal cancer | Upregulated | DKC1 increases the expression of TERC and rRNA pseudouridylation, promoting proliferation. | ||
Glioblastoma | Upregulated | DKC1 upregulates the expression of N-cadherin, MMP-2, HIF1A, CDK2 and cyclin E. | [264] | |
Head and neck cancer | Upregulated | Unknown. | ||
HCC | Upregulated | Unknown. | [265] | |
Lung cancer | Upregulated | High levels of TERC, leading an increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. | [260] | |
Multiple myeloma | Genomic mutation | Telomere length and expression levels of small nucleolar and small Cajal body-specific RNAs. | ||
Prostate cancer | Upregulated | Increased abundance of several H/ACA snoRNAs. | [261] | |
Skin cancer | Sporadic mutations | Unknown. | [255] | |
Pituitary cancer | Sporadic mutations | Defected translation of specific mRNAs harbouring internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements, including the tumour suppressor p27. | [277] | |
PUS1 | Melanoma and breast cancer | No change | Interaction of steroid receptor RNA activator 1 (SRA1) with retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) in melanoma cells and with oestrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer cell lines. | [282] |
PUS7 | Myelodysplastic syndromes/ AML | Loss | Reduced bioproduction of tRNA-derived fragments leading to significantly higher protein synthesis. | |
PUS10 | Prostate cancer | No change | PUS10 is a coactivator of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. | [283] |
Lung cancer | Genomic alterations | Unknown. | [284] |