Fig. 1

Schematic overview of autophagy. a Initiation, activation of ULK1 complex and multiple ATG proteins are engaged and localized to PAS. b Nucleation, ATG proteins and lipids are recruited to form phagophore; Elongation, cytoplasm and organelles are wrapped and engulfed during elongation of the phagophore; Maturation, completion and transport of the autophagosome. c Fusion, docking and fusion between autophagosome and lysosome. d Degradation, degradation of the cargos inside the autolysosome. e The ULK1 kinase core complex including ULK1, ATG13, FIP200, and ATG101. f The class III PI3K complex I including Beclin1, VPS34, VPS15, and ATG14L. g The ATG9A/ATG2-WIPI1/2 trafficking system including ATG9A, ATG2, and WIPI1/2. h The ATG12-conjugation system including ATG12, ATG7, ATG10, ATG5, and ATG16L. i The LC3-conjugation system including ProLC3, ATG4, LC3-I, ATG7, ATG3, and LC3-II (LC3-I/PE)