Fig. 3From: Predictive biomarkers and mechanisms underlying resistance to PD1/PD-L1 blockade cancer immunotherapyInhibiting T cell activity causes anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy resistance. After PD-1 blockade, the secretion of cytokines, including TNF and IF-36, causes T cell gene alterations, which inhibits cytotoxicity, promotes TIM-3 and VISTA inhibitory checkpoint expression, up-regulates CD38, and promotes ATRA secretion and binding to adenosine receptor and adenosine inhibition of T cell activation. The deletion of PTEN in tumors activates the PI3K/AKT pathway through multiple routes, including phosphorylation of Akt and activation of S6K1, to promote PD-L1 expression and inhibit T cell activationBack to article page