Fig. 9

A scheme of the proposed mechanisms. Trastuzumab treatment increases AFAP1-AS1 expression; which upregulates HER-2 expression by guiding AUF1 to activate the translation of ERBB2 mRNA, inducing trastuzumab resistance. In addition, extracellular AFAP1-AS1 from trastuzumab-resistant cells was packaged into exosomes and disseminates trastuzumab resistance in trastuzumab sensitive cells