Fig. 1From: Chemotherapeutic and targeted agents can modulate the tumor microenvironment and increase the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockadesFailure of cancer-immunity cycles in three different tumor-immune landscapes. a In the immune-desert tumor, the generation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells is impaired because of low immunogenicity. b In the immune-excluded tumor, CTL infiltration is impaired because the arriving tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are shut out by the aberrant vasculature and stromal barriers. c In the immune-inflamed tumor, the immunosuppressive cells directly impair the cytotoxicity of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and indirectly inhibit T cell activation by suppressing DCs. Arg1: argase1; Breg: regulatory B cell, CTLA-4: cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4, DCs: dendritic cells, IDO1: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, IL: interleukin, MHC: major histocompatibility complex, NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps, PD-1/PD-L1: programmed cell death 1 and its ligand 1, TAM: tumor-associated macrophage, TAN: tumor-associated neutrophils, TGFβ: transform grow factor-β, TMB: tumor mutation burden, Treg: regulatory T cell, VEGF-A & VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor A and its receptorBack to article page