Table 1 Potential drugs with cancer indications for treatment of COVID-19

SINE compounds (Selinexor; Verdinexor)

XPO1

Multiple myeloma [90,91,92], non-Hodgkin lymphoma [92], acute myeloid leukemia [93, 94], solid tumors [84, 95]

Influenza viruses [87]

NCT04349098, NCT04349098, NCT04355676

Acalabrutinib

BTK

Specific B cell malignancies [96, 97]

COVID-19 [98]

NCT04394884, NCT04380688, NCT04346199, NCT04647669

Corticosteroids (Dexamethasone; Hydrocortisone; Methylprednisolone)

TNF-α

Hematological malignancies [99]

COVID-19 [100, 101]

NCT04648410, NCT04654416, NCT04359511, NCT04530409, NCT04586114, NCT04451174, NCT04484493, NCT04344288

Tocilizumab

IL-6R

Various cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, and colitis-associated colorectal cancer [102,103,104]

COVID-19 [105,106,107]

NCT04320615, NCT04372186, NCT04370834

Siltuximab

Various cancers, such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer [108, 109]

COVID-19 [110]

NCT04486521, NCT04330638, NCT04329650

Ruxolitinib

JAK1/2

myeloproliferative neoplasms [111]

COVID-19 [112, 113]

NCT0435579, NCT04362137, NCT04377620, NCT04334044, NCT04337359, NCT04338958, NCT04348695, NCT04354714

Baricitinib

Non-melanoma skin cancer [114]

COVID-19 [115, 116]

NCT04358614, NCT04340232, NCT04373044, NCT04393051, NCT04320277, NCT04399798, NCT04346147, NCT04362943

IFNα or IFNβ

N/A

Hematological cancers [117]

Hepatitis B and C HIV [118] COVID-19 [119,120,121]

NCT04344600, NCT04350671, NCT04343768. NCT04343976, NCT04254874, NCT04320238, ChiCTR2000029387, NCT04315948, NCT04276688

Enzalutamide

Androgen receptor (AR)

Prostate cancer [122]

COVID-19 [3]

NCT04475601

Apalutamide

N/A

Darolutamide

N/A

Proxalutamide

NCT04446429, NCT04728802

Bicalutamide

NCT04509999

Camostat

TMPRSS2

NCT04652765

Nafamostat

NCT04418128, NCT04390594, NCT04352400, NCT04628143, NCT04623021, NCT04473053

Bromhexine

NCT04355026, NCT04405999, NCT04424134

Pembrolizumab

PD-1

Various cancers [123,124,125]

HIV [126]

HBV/HCV [127, 128]

COVID-19 [129]

NCT04335305

Nivolumab

NCT04413838, NCT04356508, NCT04343144

Monalizumab

NKG2A

Various cancers such as ovarian cancer, squamous cervical cancer, and epithelial endometrial cancer [130]

COVID-19 [131]

NCT04333914

Avdoralimab

C5aR

Solid tumors such as cervical cancer and breast cancer [132, 133]

COVID-19 [134]

NCT04333914