Exosome content | Mechanism of Action | Ref |
---|---|---|
Inhibition of DCs Differentiation | ||
Cox-2, PGE2, TGF-b1, IL-6, HSP-70, and HSP-72 | Promoting the polarization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), mainly through the STAT-3 pathway | |
Glycolytic Enzymes | Increasing ATP and lactic acid levels and enhancing MDSCs population | |
HLA-G | Blocking monocyte-derived DCs differentiation | [39] |
Inhibition of DCs Maturation | ||
Galectin-9 and TIM-3 | Interacting with TIM-3 on DCs and reducing nucleic acid sensing | |
CD-47 | Reducing phagocytosis by interacting with SIRP-a on DCs | |
S100A9 | Downregulating CD83, CD86, IL-12 and IL-15 expression levels | |
TGF-b1 | Induction of TGF-b1 secretion by DCs | |
Lactate dehydrogenase | Increasing ATP and lactate levels in tumor microenvironment | |
Inhibition of DCs Function | ||
STAT3 activators | Reducing the levels of MHC and CD83 and CD86 molecules | |
PD-L1 | Inducing PD-1 expression and transferring of negative signals | |
IDO | - Decreasing the levels of CD40, CD83, CD86 and MHC molecules - Degrading tryptophan into kynurenine - Kynurenine-meditated increase of IDO expression on DCs | |
L-arginase (ARG1) | -Impedes the DCs-mediated T cells priming in regional lymph nodes - Reduces arginine level in tumor microenvironment, resulting in lower expression of MHC molecules | |
PGE and TGF-b1 | Increasing CD73 expression on DCs, resulting in increased levels of inhibitory adenosine in tumor site | |
Lipids | Accumulating lipids in DCs, interfering with their antigen-presentation function |