Fig. 9

Model of circIGF2BP3-mediated immunosuppressive effect in NSCLC. circIGF2BP3 acts as a sponge for miR-328-3p and miR-3173-5p and elevates PKP3 expression, which stabilizes OTUB1 mRNA in an FXR1-dependent manner. OTUB1 removes ubiquitin chains from PD-L1 and subsequently hinders its degradation. circIGF2BP3-induced PD-L1 upregulation in NSCLC cells ultimately promotes immune evasion and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy