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Table 2 Exosomes related with lung cancer metastasis by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration

From: Tumor-associated exosomes promote lung cancer metastasis through multiple mechanisms

Cancer type

Exosomes source

Related genes or pathway

Tissues and/or cells

Experimental data

Functions

Refs

Promote proliferation and migration

 Lung cancer

Cell culture fluid

Wnt3a/β-catenin

Lung cancer cells

Exosomes containing high levels of Wnt3a activate β-catenin signaling

Promote proliferation

[27]

 Lung cancer (NSCLC)

Serum

circSATB2; miR-326

Lung cancer cells

Regulate FSCN1 expression positively via miR-326 and be transferred by exosomes

Promote proliferation, migration and invasion

[28]

 Lung cancer (NSCLC)

Cell culture fluid

HIF-1α/COX-2; miR-135b; miR-210

Lung cancer cells

Hypoxia enhance numbers of exosomes and up-regulate of exosomal HIF-1α/COX-2 and expression of exosomal miR-135b and miR-210

Promote proliferation and migration

[29]

 Lung cancer (NSCLC)

Serum

miR-660-5p; KLF9

Lung cancer cells

miR-660-5p in exosome may control NSCLC proliferation, viability, and metastasis by targeting KLF9

Promote proliferation and migration

[30]

 Lung cancer

Serum

miR-96; LMO7

Lung cancer patients

Exosomal miR-96 promotes lung cancer progression by targeting LMO7.

Promote proliferation, migration, and drug resistance

[31]

 Lung cancer (adenocarcinoma)

Cell culture fluid

Wnt5b

PANC-1 cells

Exosomes activate Wnt5b signaling in CHO cells and stimulate migration and proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells A549

Promote proliferation and migration

[32]

Promote invasion and or migration

 Lung cancer (Adenocarcinoma)

Lung cancer

TNF-β; TNF-α; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10; CD163; iNOS; MMP2; MMP9

Lung cancer cells

Exosomes derived from lung adenocarcinoma cells can activate macrophages, increase MMP2 and MMP9 levels, and enhance the invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells.

Promote invasion

[33]

 Lung cancer (NSCLC)

Pleura exudates

GGT-1; LTC4; CysLT1

Lung cancer cells

Exosomes contain GGT-1 and transform exogenous LTC4 to pro-tumorigenic LTD4, and elevate the level of endogenous CysLT

Promote survival and migration

[34]

 Lung cancer

BALF

E-cadherin

Lung cancer cells

In exosomes from lung cancer, BALF promote the migration and invasion by carrying E-cadherin

Promote migration and invasion

[35]

 Lung cancer (SCLC)

Cell culture fluid

FECR1; FECR2; miR584-3p; ROCK1

Lung cancer cells

FECR1 and FECR2 up-regulated in SCLC tissues; exosomal FECRs promotes lung cancer cells metastasis through the miR584-ROCK1 pathway

Promote invasion and migration

[36]

 Lung cancer

Serum

miR-106b; PTEN; MMP-2; MMP-9

Lung cancer patients

Exosomal miR-106b target PTEN, increase the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and promote lung cancer cell migration and invasion

Promote invasion and migration

[37]

 Lung cancer

Cell culture fluid

ALDOA; ALDH3A1

Lung cancer cells

Exosomes carrying ALDOA and ALDH3A1 from irradiated lung cancer cells enhance migration and invasion of recipient cells by accelerating glycolysis

Promote invasion and migration

[38]

 Lung cancer

Cell culture fluid

MMP3; MMP9

Adipocytes cells

Adipocyte-derived exosomes promote lung cancer cells metastasis by increasing MMP9 activity via transferring MMP3 to lung cancer cells

Promote invasion and migration

[39]

Promote proliferation and or inhibit apoptosis

 Lung cancer (NSCLC)

Cell culture fluid

ASMA

Lung cancer cells; Human lung fibroblasts cell line HLF1 cells

Promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis in both normal lung fibroblasts and NSCLC cells by delivering ASMA

Promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis

[40]

 Lung cancer (NSCLC)

Cell culture fluid

MALAT-1

Lung cancer cells

Serum exosome-derived long noncoding RNA MALAT-1 promotes the tumor growth and migration, and prevents tumor cells from apoptosis

Promote proliferation and migration; Inhibit apoptosis

[41]

 Lung cancer (SCLC)

HBMECs

S100A16

Lung cancer cells

Elevation of S100A16 prevent the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and enhance resistance to apoptosis of SCLC cells

Inhibit apoptosis

[42]

 Lung cancer

Macrophages cell culture fluid

Let-7a-5p; BCL2L1; PI3Kγ

Macrophages cells

Exogenous let-7a-5p induces lung cancer cell death through BCL2L1-mediated PI3Kγ signaling pathway

Promote autophagic cell death

[43]

Regulate or inhibit migration

 Lung cancer

Cell culture fluid

TGF-β; lnc-MMP2-2

Lung cancer cells

TGF-β-mediated exosomal lnc-MMP2-2 might regulate the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells into the vasculature by promoting MMP2 expression

Regulate migration

[44]

 Lung cancer

Cell culture fluid

TGF-β; IL-10

Lung cancer cells NCI-H1688

Exosomes derived from cancer cells regulate the cellular migration of tumor cells through TGF-β and IL-10

Regulate migration

[45]

 Lung cancer (NSCLC)

Cell culture fluid

PEDF; THBS1

Lung cancer cells

Exosomes from PEDF-treated cells contain THBS1, which inhibit cytoskeletal remodeling and exosome-induced lung cancer cell motility, migration, and invasion

Inhibit invasion and migration

[46]

  1. Abbreviations: ALDH3A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1, ALDOA Aldolase A, ASMA Alpha-smooth muscle actin, BALF Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BCL2L1 B-cell lymphoma-2, CHO Chinese hamster ovary, COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2, CysLT1 Cysteinyl leukotriene 1, FECR FLI1 exonic circular RNAs, FSCN1 Fascin homolog 1, actin-bundling protein 1, GGT-1 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1, HBMECs Human brain microvascular endothelial cells, HIF-1α Hypoxia inducible factor-1, IL Interleukin, iNOS Inducible nitric-oxide synthase, KLF9 Kriippel-like factor9, LMO7 LIM-domain only protein 7, LT Leukotriene, MALAT-1 Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MMP Matrix metalloproteinase, NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer, ROCK1 Rho Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase 1 gene, PANC-1 Human pancreatic cancer cell line, PEDF Pigment epithelium-derived factor, PI3Kγ PI-3 kinase gamma, PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten, SCLC Small cell lung cancer, TGF Transforming growth factor, THBS1 Thrombospondin 1, TNF Tumor necrosis factor