Table 1 Writers, erasers and readers of RNA m⁶A modification

Writers

METTL3

m⁶A catalytic subunit

[14, 15]

METTL14

Forms heterodimer with METTL3 to stabilize METTL3 and assist recognizing the subtract

[14, 18]

METTL16

m⁶A catalytic subunit

[19]

METTL5

Ribosome 18S m⁶A methyltransferase

[20, 21]

TRMT112

Forms heterodimeric complex with METTL5 as a methyltransferase activator to stabilize METTL5

[21]

ZCCHC4

Ribosome 28S m⁶A methyltransferase

[22, 23]

HAKAI

Essential member of the MTC

[24]

WTAP

Promotse m⁶A methyltransferase activity and localization in nuclear speckles

[25]

VIRMA

Binds the MTC and recruit it to specific RNA region

[26]

RBM15/15B

Binds the MTC and recruit it to specific RNA site

[27]

ZC3H13

Promotes nuclear localization of MTC to modulate m⁶A in the nucleus

[28]

Erasers

FTO

Eliminates m⁶A by oxidation

[14,15,16,17,18]

ALKBH5

Eliminates m⁶A by oxidation

[14,15,16,17,18]

Readers

YTHDF1

Facilitates the ribosome assembly of m⁶A-mRNAs and interacts with the initiation factor to promote translation; cooperates with YTHDF2 and YTHDF3 to mediate degradation of m⁶A-mRNAs

[29, 30]

YTHDF2

Reduces m⁶A-mRNAs stability; stabilize m⁶A-mRNAs specifically in cancer stem cells; cooperates with YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 to mediate degradation of m⁶A-mRNAs

[29,30,31]

YTHDF3

Cooperates with YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 to mediate degradation of m⁶A-mRNAs

[30, 32]

YTHDC1

Promotes RNA splicing and translocation; facilitates the decay of m⁶A-modified chromosome-associated regulatory RNAs; together with its target m⁶A-RNAs to regulate chromatin modification and retrotransposon repression; regulate histone methylation

[33,34,35,36,37,38]

YTHDC2

Facilitates the translation and decrease the abundance of m⁶A-RNAs; has 3′-5′ RNA helicase activity and decrease the stability of m⁶A-mRNAs

[39,40,41]

HNRNPC/G

Responsible for pre-mRNA processing and affect the alternative splicing of target m⁶A-mRNAs

[42,43,44]

HNRNPA2B1

Binds to m⁶A-containing pri-miRNAs to promote pri-miRNA processing; may regulate mRNA splicing by binding to m⁶A-containing pre-mRNAs; facilitates m⁶A modification and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of mRNAs

[45, 46]

IGF2BP1/2/3

Regulates m⁶A-RNAs stability, subcellular localization and translation

[47,48,49]

EIF3

Facilitates translation of m⁶A-mRNAs by recruiting the 43S complex

[50, 51]

PRRC2A

Enhances m⁶A-mRNAs stability

[52]

SND1

Enhances m⁶A-RNAs stability

[53]