|
Conventional techniques
|
|
Ultracentrifugation-based Separation
|
Differential ultracentrifugation
|
High purity; established protocol;
|
Lengthy process; large sample volume; requires ultracentrifuge
|
Separation of EVs from reticulocyte culture medium
|
[44]
|
|
Gradient density ultracentrifugation
|
High purity;
|
Lengthy process; large sample volume; requires ultracentrifuge
|
Sucrose gradient-purified prostasomes
|
[46]
|
|
Size-based Separation
|
Ultracentrifugation with ultrafiltration
|
High purity; high yield
|
Contamination of same-sized vesicles; lack specificity; difficulty in scaling
|
Separation of urinary exosomes
|
[49]
|
|
size-exclusion chromatography
|
High yield; gentle processing
|
Contamination of same-sized vesicles; lack specificity; difficulty in scaling
|
Isolation of EVs from platelet-free supernatant of platelet concentrates
|
[50]
|
|
Precipitation
|
Polyethylene glycol precipitation
|
Simple; fast isolation
|
Lack specificity; much contamination; difficulty in scaling
|
Isolation of exosomes from plasma, cell culture supernatant
|
[49, 54]
|
|
Commercial kits
|
Simple; fast isolation
|
Lack specificity; much contamination; high price
|
Isolation of exosomes from serum and/or plasma
|
[56]
|
|
Novel techniques
|
|
Immunoaffinity Enrichment
|
Antibody-conjugated platform
|
Simple; specificity
|
High-cost; marker dependent
|
Enrichment of exosomes from clinical samples
|
[20, 58, 70]
|
|
Magnetic Separation
|
Antibody-modified magnetic beads
|
Convenient; high efficiency
|
High-cost; marker dependent
|
Separation of exosomes
|
[36, 71,72,73,74]
|
|
Physical Feature-based separation
|
Nanoscale lateral displacement
|
Reduced membrane blockage; gentle processing
|
Contamination of same-sized vesicles; lack specificity
|
On-chip sorting and quantification of exosomes
|
[75]
|
|
Membrane filter
|
Gentle processing
|
Contamination of same-sized vesicles; lack specificity
|
On-chip isolation of intact extracellular vesicles
|
[62, 76, 77]
|
|
Deterministic lateral displacement
|
Continuous accurate and precise separation
|
Low throughout and the requirement of high voltage
|
Efficient isolation of extracellular vesicles
|
[75, 78]
|
|
Size-exclusion chromatography
|
High yield; gentle processing
|
Contamination of same-sized vesicles; lack specificity
|
Efficient isolation of extracellular vesicles
|
[50, 52, 79]
|
|
Lipid Mediated-Separation
|
Lipid nanoprobe/TiO2
|
Minimal damage
|
Contamination of other phospholipid membrane vesicles; lack specificity
|
Efficient isolation of extracellular vesicles
|
[66, 80]
|
|
Acoustic-based microfluidics
|
Aacoustic radiation force (ARF) and dielectrophoretic (DEP)
|
Contact-free; high-throughput; continuous separation; wide range of particles
|
Design and fabrication finer gradations; finer-grade separation of subpopulations
|
Active sorting of extracellular vesicles
|
[67, 81]
|
|
Thermophoretic Enrichment
|
Thermophoresis
|
Free from pre-isolation; simple; fast isolation
|
Contamination of same-sized vesicles; lack specificity
|
Efficient isolation of extracellular vesicles
|
[68, 69]
|
