Table 4 Exosomes as biomarkers for cancer liquid biopsy

Gastric Cancer

Serum

lnc HOTTIP

126 GC patients; 120 healthy donors

AUC = 0.827

Early diagnosis

[191]

Serum

miR-15b-3p

108 GC patients; 108 healthy donors

AUC of 0.820; specificity of 80.6%; sensitivity of 74.1%

Early diagnosis

[192]

HCC

Plasma

100 μL

AFP; GPC3; ALB; APOH; FABP1; FGB; FGG; AHSG; RBP4; TF mRNA

36 HCC patients; 26 Cirrhosis

AUC of 0.87; sensitivity of 93.8%; specificity of 74.5%

Early diagnosis

[61]

Serum

500 μL

miRNA-21; lncRNA-A TB

72 HCC patients

Higher in HCC patients

Prognostic significance

[189]

Serum

miR-21

Higher in HCC patients

Early diagnosis

[193]

Serum

250 μL

miR-92b

28 non-HCC; 28 HCC patients without recurrence; 43 HCC patients with early recurrenc

Sensitivity of 85.7%; specificity of 86.0%; AUC = 0.925

Early recurrence diagnosis after LDLT

[194]

Serum

100 μL

CEA; GPC-3 and PD-L1

12 HCC patients; 12 hepatitis B; 6 healthy donors

Higher in HCC patients

Early diagnosis and progression monitoring

[112]

PDAC

Plasma

500 μL

miRNA-10b

3 PDAC Patients; 3 CP Patients; 3 healthy donors

Higher in PDAC patients

Early diagnosis and progression monitoring

[173]

Plasma

miRNA-10b

PDAC patients; CP patients and healthy donors

Higher in PDAC patients

Early diagnosis

[195]

Mouse plasma samples

miR-3970-5p

9 healthy donors; 9 PanIN patients; 9 PDAC patients

Accuracy of 65%

Early diagnosis

[196]

Serum

250 μL

Glypican1

192 patients; 100 healthy donors

Sensitivity of 100%; specificity of 100%; positive predictive value of 100%; negative predictive value of 100%; AUC of 1.0

Early diagnosis

[38]

Plasma

25 μL

Glypican1

20 PDAC patients; 7 benign pancreatic disease; 11 healthy donors

99% sensitivity and 82% specificity

Stage classification

[197]

Serum

5 μL

EpCAM, Glypican1

90% accuracy for pancreatic cancer or normal pancreatic epithelial cell lines; 87 and 90% predictive accuracy for HC and EPC individual samples

Early diagnosis

[198]

Serum

2 μL

MIF

4 patients at stage 1 ~ 2; 37 patients at stage 3

Discriminatory sensitivity of 95.7%

Stage classification

[199]

CRC

Serum

hsa-circ-0004771

179 patients; 45 healthy donors

AUC of 0.86, 0.88 to differentiate stage I/II CRC patients and CRC patients from HCs

Early diagnosis

[200]

Plasma

25 μL

Epcam-CD63

59 cancer patients; 20 healthy donors

AUC of 0.96

Early diagnosis; prognosis prediction

[125]

NSCLC

Plasma

miRNA-21; miRNA-139; miRNA-200; miRNA-378

5 patients; 5 healthy donors

Higher in NSCLC patients

Early diagnosis

[123]

Plasma

1 mL

miRNA-21

NSCLC patients; recurrence of NSCLC patients; healthy individuals

Higher in NSCLC patients

Early diagnosis and drug resistance in advanced cancers

[201]

Plasma

1.5 mL

CD63; EGFR; EpCAM

4 patients; 4 treated patients; 4 healthy donors

Higher in NSCLC patients

Early diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation

[159]

Serum

50 μL

PD-L1

5 patients; 4 healthy donors

Higher in NSCLC patients

Early diagnosis

[132]

Serum

4 μL

PD-L1

7 patients at stage 1 ~ 2; 10 patients at stage 3 ~ 4; 12 healthy controls

AUC of 0.97

Early diagnosis

[90]

Breast Cancer

Plasma

EpCAM

6 BC patients; 3 healthy donors

Higher in BC patients

Early diagnosis

[71]

Plasma

EpCAM; HER2

10 BC patients; 5 healthy donors

AUC of 1; AUC of 1

Early diagnosis

[134]

Serum

3.6 μL

EpCAM

20 BC patients; 10 healthy donors

AUC _{BC versus HD} = 0.99; AUC _{HER2+ BC versus HER2– BC} = 0.94

Cancer classification

[202]

Serum

PD-L1

7 patients with metastatic; 8 patients without metastatic; 6 healthy donors

Higher in BC patients

Prognosis prediction and progression monitoring

[114]

Blood

CA153

104 BC patients; 100 breast hyperplasia patients and 100 healthy controls

Higher in BC patients

Differential diagnosis

[203]

Serum

miR-21; miR-222; miR-200c

Luminal, HER2⁺, and TN breast cancer patients

Higher in BC patients

Classification of molecular subtypes of breast cancer

[204]

Plasma

1 μL

CA153; EpCAM

36 MBC patients before salvage treatment; 21 NMBC patients before surgical therapy; 66 age-matched healthy donors

AUPRC _CA153 = 0.9286

Differential diagnosis of BC and healthy donors

[69]

AUPRC _EpCAM = 0.9709

Plasma

1 μL

CA153; CA125; CEA; HER2; EGFR; PSMA; EpCAM; VEG

36 MBC patients before salvage treatment; 21 NMBC patients before surgical therapy; 66 age-matched healthy donors

AUPRC of 0.9826

Differential diagnosis of BC and healthy donors

[69]

Plasma

1 μL

CA153; CA125; CEA; HER2; EGFR; PSMA; EpCAM; VEG

36 MBC patients before salvage treatment; 21 NMBC patients before surgical therapy; 66 age-matched healthy donors

AUPRC of 0.8672

Differential diagnosis of MBC and NMBC

[69]

Plasma samples

EpCAM

Various breast cancer patients and healthy individuals

Higher in BC patients

Early diagnosis

[115]

Prostate Cancer

Urine

50-150 mL

miR-196a; miR-143-3p; miR-196-5p; miR-501-3p;

28 PCA patients; 19 healthy donors

AUC _miR-196a = 0.92

Early diagnosis

[205]

AUC _miR143-3p = 0.72

AUC _miR196-5p = 0.73

AUC _miR501-3p = 0.69

Plasma

750 μL

miR-217; miR-23b-3p

10 patients; 10 healthy donors

Higher in PCA patients

Early diagnosis

[206]

Serum

400 μL

EphrinA2

50 PCA patients; 21 BPH patients; 20 healthy donors

AUC of 0.7666

Early diagnosis; distinguish PCA from BPH patients

[207]

Serum

25 μL

EpCAM and PSMA

10 PCA patients; 5 healthy donors

Higher in PCA patients

Early diagnosis

[127]

Serum

TUBB3 mRNA

52 mCRPC patients

Higher in PCA patients

Prognosis

[208]

Ovarian Cancer

Ascites

EpCAM; CD24

20 patients; 10 healthy donors

Higher in OVCA patients

Early diagnosis

[116]

Plasma

2 mL

CA125; EpCAM; CD24

15 patients; 5 healthy donors

AUC _CA125 = 1.0

Early diagnosis

[74]

AUC _EpCAM = 1.0

AUC _CD24 = 0.91

Plasma

20 μL

CD24; EpCAM; FRα

20 OVCA patients; 10 non-cancer controls

AUC _CD24 = 1.0

Early diagnosis

[165]

AUC _EpCAM = 1.0

AUC _FRα = 0.995

Plasma

200 μL

miR-4732-5p

21 healthy controls and 34 epithelial ovarian cancer patients

AUC _miR-4732-5p = 0.889

Early diagnosis

[209]