Liquid biopsy: a step closer to transform diagnosis, prognosis and future of cancer treatments

Table 1 Liquid Biopsy analytes and isolation technologies

LB analyte	Tumor type	Technology Used	Sensitivity/Detection limit	Basis of detection	Ref
CTCs	PCa	CellSearch system	73% for CTC ≥ 2 or 69% for CTC ≥ 5 per 7.5 ml	EpCAM	[15, 24]
	BC, PCa,CL	EPISPOT/S100-EPISPOT	48%; ≥ 2 CTCs	EpCAM, or CD326	[20, 25]
	PCa	AdnaTest	2 CTCs	EpCAM, PSA, and PSMA PCR	[26]
	PCa	AdnaTest	––	EpCAM and V7 variant PCR	[27]
	BC	CellSearch System	––	ER, BCL-2, EGFR 2, & Ki-67	[28]
		CTC-Chip	5–1, 281 CTCs per ml	tumor specific antigens	[29, 30]
		EasySep Depletion		CD45	[31]
		RosetteSep	2 CTCs/mL	CD45& DGC	[32, 33]
		SSA techniques	––	EpCAM	[34]
		Celsee systems	94%	Size differences and deformability	[35]
		ApoStreamTM	2 CTC/7.5 ml	Surface charge & polarizability	[36]
	Melanoma	DEPArrayTM System	––	Melan A⁺	[37]
ctDNA	BC, PCa, CRC	Droplet digital PCR	MAF detection < 0.1%	––	[38, 39]
	BC, PCa, CRC	BEAMing	MAF detection ~ 0.02%	––	[3, 39,40,41]
	CRC, BC	PARE	ctDNA detection < 0.001%	––	[42, 43]
	OVC, BC	TAm-Seq/ eTAm-Seq	MAF detection ~ 2% MAF detection ~ 0.25%	–– ––	[39, 44]
	NSCLC	CAPP-Seq	MAF detection ~ 0.02%	––	[39, 45]
	BC	cMethDNA	––	––	[46]
	HEPC	MCTA-Seq	––	––	[47]
EVs		ExoMir™ kit	––	Nanomembrane ultrafiltration
	OVA	SEC	––	Exclusion chromatography	[48]
	AML	Magneto-immunocapture	Higher purity, Lower yield	––	[49]
	PCa	Agglutination	––	Lectin	[50]
	PC	ExoChip	––	CD63 based immunochips	[51]
	Melanoma, PCa	––	––	CD63 and caveolin-1	[52, 53]
	PCa	––	––	prostate-specific transglutaminase	[54, 55]

CTCs Circulating tumor cells, ctDNA Circulating tumor DNA, EVs Extracellular vesicles, BC Breast cancer, CL Colon cancer, CRC Colorectal cancer, OVC Ovarian cancer, PCa Prostate cancer, NSCLC Non-small-cell lung cancer, LADC Lung adenocarcinoma, AML Acute myeloid leukemia, HEPC Hepatocellular carcinoma, EPISPOT Epithelial ImmunoSPOT, MIC assay Metastasis-Initiating-Cells, DGC Density gradient centrifugation, PARE Personalized analysis of rearranged ends, MCTA-Seq Methylated CpG tandem amplification and sequencing, SEC Size exclusion chromatography, SSA Selective size amplifications, BCL-2 B-cell lymphoma 2, EGFR-2 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, ER Estrogen receptor 1, AR Androgen receptor, RB1 Retinoblastoma 1, MED1 Mediator complex subunit 1, GAS6 Growth arrest-specific 6, MAF Mutant allele fraction

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