Liquid biopsy: a step closer to transform diagnosis, prognosis and future of cancer treatments

Table 2 Clinical applications of LB in various cancers

LB entity	Cancer	Analysis	Diagnosis provided	Ref
EVs	PCa		glypican-1 (GPC1), KRAS mutation	[109]
	PCa		miRNAs, CD44v6, Tspan8, EpCAM and CD104	[110]
	NSCLC	miR-23b-3p, miR-10b-5p and miR-21-5p	Noninvasive biomarker	[111]
		miR-125b-5p	Predicting improved T-cell activity	[112]
	NSCLC	miR-146a-5p	Predicting chemosensitivity	[113]
	melanoma	miR-211-5p	Predicting resistance to vemurafenib	[114]
	melanoma	PD-1 and CD28	Predicting resistance to ipilimumab	[115]
CTCs	LADC	EGFR mutation	Predicting gefitinib and erlotinib	[76]
	CRC	KRAS, PIK3CAmutation	Predicting therapeutic response	[77]
	BC	Promoter methylation of SOX17, BRMS1and CST6	Poor prognosis
	PCa and CRC	Promoter methylation of VEGF and SFRP2	Predicts angiogenesis	[61, 79]
	BC	ER 1 methylation	Predicts everolimus and exemestane resistance	[59
	BC	EPCAM⁺, CD44⁺, CD47⁺& MET⁺ expression	Predicts metastasis	[83]
ctDNA	CRC	Genomic profiling	Tracking clonal variations and therapeutic response	[107]
	PCa	AR mutations	Predicting abiraterone or prednisolone response	[108]
	B cell lymphoma	DNA profiling	Determine tumor subtypes	[116]
	OVC, CRC	DNA profiling	Poor clinical outcome	[117,118,119]
	BC, CRC	DNA profiling	Residual disease and relapse	[120, 121]
	CRC	KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations	Predicting panitumumab and cetuximab response	[122, 123]
	Solid tumors	mutations in PIK3CA, RB1, MED1, GAS6 and EGFR	Predict response to paclitaxel, cisplatin, tamoxifen, lapatinib and gefitinib	[124]

CTCs Circulating tumor cells, ctDNA circulating tumor DNA, EVs Extracellular vesicles, BC Breast cancer, CL Colon cancer, CRC Colorectal cancer, OVC Ovarian cancer, PCa Prostate cancers, NSCLC Non-small-cell lung cancer, LADC Lung adenocarcinoma, AML Acute myeloid leukaemia

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