Fig. 4
From: Targeting TGF-β signal transduction for fibrosis and cancer therapy
Essential functions of TGF-β in fibrosis Under pathological conditions, many different cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, can produce and secrete more TGF-β to mediate fibroblasts through SMAD and non-SMAD pathways. Although TGF-β plays a vital role in promoting fibrosis, few antifibrosis therapies target it in clinical practice