Table 1 Liquid biopsies based molecular determinants of BrM in various cancers
S. No. | Sample | Cancer Type | Molecular Determinants | Readout | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CTCs/Blood/ (N = 10) | BC | EpCAM (+ve) /Notch Signaling | Upregulation in Notch Signaling | [33] |
2 | CTCs/ctDNA/ Blood/(N = 10) | LC | NRF2 | Mutations in NRF2 (R34G) | [34] |
3 | CTCs/Blood/(N = 4) | BC | Semaphorin 4D/GPX1/MYC | High expression of SEMA4D, GPX1 and MYC gene amplification | [35] |
4 | CTCs/Blood/(N = 38) | BC | HER2+/EGFR+/HPSE+/NOTCH1+ | Brain metastasis selected markers | [36] |
5 | CTCs/Pleural effusion/(N = 3) | BC | ST6GALNAC5 | The high expression of ST6GALNAC5 facilitates co-option and passage through BBB | |
6 | CTCs/CSF/(N = 13) | BC | Syndecan-1 and MUC-1 | Overexpression of syndecan-1 and MUC-1 in Leptomeningeal metastasis | [39] |
7 | ctDNA/Serum/(N = 311) | NSCLC | EGFR | BrM associated with the EGFR mutation and in concordance with EGFR status in tissues | [40] |
8 | ctDNA/Blood/(N = 28) | Metastatic Brain tumor | ALK, MDM2 | BrM associated with the ALK and MDM2 mutation | [41] |
9 | ctDNA/Blood/(N = 70) | BC | miR124-2; miR3193; CCDC8 | BrM associated with miR124-2, CCDC8 hypermethylation, and miR3193 hypomethylation | [42] |
10 | ctDNA/Blood/(N = 205) | LC | TGF-ß1 | rs1982073 mutant | [43] |
11 | ctDNA/CSF/(N = 21;12) | LC | EGFR | > 50% patients have EGFR mutations | |
12 | ctDNA/Blood/(N = 92) | Melanoma | BRAF/NRAS | BRAF (V600E/K/D); NRAS (Q61R/L) | [46] |
13 | Protein/Serum/(N = 379) | LC | Cathepsin F/ Fibulin-1 | Cathepsin upregulates in LC patients’ serum | [47] |
14 | Protein/Serum/(N = 29) | Brain Metastatic | C-Reactive Protein | C-reactive protein was upregulated in brain metastatic patients’ blood as compared to glioblastoma | [48] |
15 | Protein/Serum/(N = 120) | LC | IL6 | Elevated IL6 in serum associated with BrM | [49] |
16 | Protein/Serum/(N = 30) | LC | S100ß | Serum has significantly high S100ß | [50] |
17 | Protein/Serum/(N = 68) | LC | Myelin | Myelin is high in serum | [51] |
18 | Protein/CSF/(N = 45) | Leukemia | sVEGFR-1,2 | Elevated serum levels of sVEGFR-2 | [52] |
19 | Protein/Serum/(N = 147) | BC | Glial fibrillary acidic protein | Elevated serum levels of GFAP | [53] |
20 | Protein/Serum/(N = 244) | BC | Tau | Elevated serum levels of Tau | [54] |
21 | Protein/Serum/(N = 68) | LC | Neurofilament Light Chain | Elevated serum levels of NFL | [55] |
22 | Protein/Serum/(N = 103) | BC | CXCL13; CX3CL1 | CXCL13 and CX3CL1 enhances BBB permeability | [56] |
23 | Exosome/(N = 75) | LC | Integrinβ3 | BrM occurs in patients with high EV ITGβ3 levels | [57] |
24 | Exosome/(N = 104) | BC | CEMIP | Tumor derived exosomes enriched in CEMIP protein promoted BrM | [58] |
25 | Exosome/(N = 6) | LC | miR-550a35p | miR-550a-3-5p controls the BrM | [59] |
26 | Exosome/(N = 38) | BC | miR-105 | Cancer secreted miR-105 destroys BBB | [60] |
27 | Exosome/(N = 65) | LC | miR-335-5p/miR-34b-3p | miR-335-5p & miR-34b-3p are unique in BrM | [61] |
28 | Exosome/(N = 56) | BC | miR-181c/miR-503/miR-105 | Enriches exosomes promotes BrM | |
29 | Serum/CSF/(N = 118) | BC | miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-141 | Upregulated in BrM | [64] |
30 | Serum/(N = 24) | SCLC | LncRNA XR_429159.1 | Downregulated in BrM | [65] |