Fig. 1

Cell population of control donor BM samples. A Overview of the study workflow. BM aspirates were collected and processed from control donors and MM patients for scRNA-seq and Nanopore sequencing to characterize the global single-cell ecological landscape and clonal evolution model of MM. B Single-cell profiles of the control donor BM based on t-SNE approach. Each color represents a cell identity, including hematopoietic lineages such as hematopoietic stem cells and juvenile red blood cell lineages, myeloid cells such as pro-monocytes and monocyte dendritic cells, and lytic cells such as T cells, B cells, and NK cells, for 16 cell types. C Tracks plots showing known marker genes specific to the identity of control donor BM cells. The cluster modules in the columns indicate the cell identity of the control donor BM, while the rows indicate the expression of the marker genes, along with cell abundance and cell ratio. D Single-cell atlas based on t-SNE showing the cell cycle score, stemness score, and pseudotime score of control donor BM cells. E Correlation between stemness score, cell cycle score, and pseudotime score (p < 0.001). MM, multiple myeloma; t-SNE, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding; TF, transcription factor; BM, bone marrow; GRN, gene regulation network; RSS, regulon specificity score