Fig. 4
From: Advances in immunology and immunotherapy for mesenchymal gastrointestinal cancers
Immunotherapy strategies reported for GIST in literatures. The mostly studied immunotherapies for GIST are immune checkpoint inhibitors and cytokine therapies. Antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, vaccines and adoptive cell therapies have also been widely evaluated in clinical or preclinical experiments in GIST. New emerging immunotherapy targets, such as WT1, CTA, CSPG4, LAG3, VISTA, Gal-9 and Tim-3, may also be exploited to develop antibody drugs or cell products to treat GIST in future. GIST: gastrointestinal stromal tumor; DC: dendritic cell; MHC-I: major histocompatibility complex class I; TCR: T cell receptors; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; PD1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; CIK: cytokine-induced killer cell; NKG2D: natural killer group 2 member D; MICA/B: MHC class I chain-related protein A and B; CAR-T: chimeric antigen receptor T; PHA: phytohemagglutinin; GPR20: G protein-coupled receptor 20; SSTR2: somatostatin receptor 2; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; MΦ: macrophages; VISTA: V-type immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing suppressor of T-cell activation; Tim-3: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3; LAG3: lymphocyte activation gene-3; CSPG4: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4; Gal-9: Galectin-9; WT1: Wilms tumor protein 1; CTA: cancer testis antigen