From: Advances in immunology and immunotherapy for mesenchymal gastrointestinal cancers
Year | Country | Phase | ICIs | Other drugs | Cases | GIST Inclusion Criteria | Key findings | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | USA | Ib | Ipilimumab | Dasatinib | 8 | Failure of imatinib and sunitinib | 3 GISTs achieved durable response per Choi criteria | [228] |
2017 | USA | Ib | Ipilimumab | Dasatinib | 20 | Advanced/unresectable GIST, failed to imatinib and sunitinib | 13 GISTs were evaluable. 7 PR, 3 SD and 3 PD were found per Choi criteria. Synergy was not observed | [229] |
2017 | USA | I | Ipilimumab | Imatinib | 12 | Metastatic or unresectable GIST, refractory to standard therapies | 1 WT gastric GIST had PR. 9 heavily pretreated GIST had no response. Synergy was not observed | [230] |
2017 | USA | I | Multiple | NA | 9 | Metastatic or unresectable advanced GIST | 3 GIST patients showed SD (33%), while 1 patient showed hyper-progression after receiving ICIs | [231] |
2017 | France | II | Pembrolizumab | Metronomic CP | NA | Advanced GIST | The 6-month non-progression rate was 11.1%. PD1 inhibition had limited activity in advanced GIST | |
2018 | France | II | Pembrolizumab | Metronomic CP | 10 | Advanced GIST | The 6-month non-progression rate was 11.1%. PD1 inhibition had limited efficacy in advanced GIST, due to infiltrated macrophage and activated IDO1 | [34] |
2019 | USA | II | Nivolumab Ipilimumab | NA | 29 | Advanced/metastatic GISTs refractory to at least imatinib | For nivolumab monotherapy, 7/15 GIST had SD; For combination therapy, 1/12 had PR, 2/12 had SD | [234] |
2020 | USA | NA | Nivolumab | NA | 1 | A metastatic WT GIST refractory to multiple TKIs | 1 WT GIST patient showed durable response to nivolumab, progressed after 33.5Â months | [235] |
2020 | USA | II | Nivolumab Ipilimumab | NA | 18 | GISTs refractory to ≥ 1 regimen(s) | Both nivolumab monotherapy and combination therapy had 9 patients, but all showed no response | [236] |
2022 | USA | II | Nivolumab Ipilimumab | NA | 35 | Advanced/metastatic GISTs refractory to at least imatinib | For nivolumab monotherapy, 10/19 had SD, For combination therapy, 1/16 had CR and 4/16 had SD | [237] |
2022 | India | Â | Pembrolizumab | NA | 2 | Advanced/metastatic GIST | No response to pembrolizumab monotherapy | [238] |