Fig. 1
From: CAR T cell-based immunotherapy and radiation therapy: potential, promises and risks
Radiation effects on immune system. Left: Immune activation effects include upregulation of adhesion molecules that enhance immune infiltration, increased antigen expression, cytokines and reactive oxygen species generation, macrophages chemoattraction, with further antigen presentation in lymph nodes and T cell priming. Right: Immune suppression. Chemokines stimulate bone marrow to produce myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Tumor cells maintain or overexpress ligands for T cells that will suppress them and create immunosuppressive microenvironment. Challenges that affect these mechanisms are highlighted (red rectangles) and connected to the processes affected by RT (dotted arrows). (Created with BioRender.com.)