Nanomaterials in tumor immunotherapy: new strategies and challenges

Table 1 The interactions between tumors cells and immune cells to promote invasion and metastasis of tumor by inhibiting anti-tumor immune response and inducing tumor immune escape within tumor microenvironment

Cell types	Secreted chemokines, cytokines or proteins	Targeted cells	Results of interaction	Reference
Tumor cells	CXCL15, HMGB1	TAN	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response and promotion of tumor immune escape	[23, 24]
Tumor cells	GM-CSF, CXCL1, VEGF, CXCL2	MDSC	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response and promotion of tumor immune escape	[25,26,27,28]
Tumor cells	CCL5, CL22, TNF	Treg	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response and promotion of tumor immune escape	[7, 29, 30]
Tumor cells	VEGF, CSF1, CCL2	TAM	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response and promotion of tumor immune escape	[31,32,33]
Tumor cells	PD-L1	T cells	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response and promotion of tumor immune escape	[34,35,36]
Tumor cells	JAK/STAT2	DCreg, NK cells, Monocyte, M1 macrophage	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response and promotion of tumor immune escape	[37,38,39,40]
MDSC	IL-17	Th17	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response	[41,42,43]
Th17	IL-6, IL-23, TGF-β	MDSC	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response	[41,42,43]
Treg	CCL22	TAM	Inhibition of anti-tumor immune response	[7, 44]

ISSN: 1476-4598