Fig. 11
From: The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy
Natural immune detection of mRNA vaccines. DC recognizes two types of mRNA vaccines, with RNA sensors in yellow, antigens in red, DC maturation elements in green, and peptide-MHC complexes in light blue and red; a sample lipid nanoparticle carrier is depicted in the top right corner. A non-comprehensive list of major known RNA sensors responsible for identifying double-stranded and unaltered single-stranded RNAs is provided. Unaltered, unrefined (part a) and nucleoside-altered, FPLC-purified (part b) mRNAs are chosen to demonstrate two types of mRNA vaccines where known mRNA sensing mechanisms are either present or absent. The dotted arrow signifies diminished antigen expression. Ag stands for antigen; PKR for interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase; MDA5 for interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 (also called IFIH1); IFN for interferon; m1Ψ for 1-methylpseudouridine; OAS for 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase; and TLR for Toll-like receptor. Reprinted from [126] with permission from Springer Nature