Table 10 The different mRNA cancer vaccine injection routes
From: The use of RNA-based treatments in the field of cancer immunotherapy
Injection Route | Advantages | Disadvantages | Immunogenicity | Efficacy | Safety | Stability | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intramuscular (IM) | Simple to administer, induces systemic immune response | May require multiple doses, limited local response | Moderate to high | Effective in some cancers, variable results | Generally safe, mild side effects | Stable at refrigeration temperature, needs to be protected from light | [611] |
Subcutaneous (SC) | Simple to administer, induces systemic immune response | May require multiple doses, limited local response | Moderate to high | Effective in some cancers, variable results | Generally safe, mild side effects | Stable at refrigeration temperature, needs to be protected from light | [56] |
Intradermal (ID) | Induces strong local and systemic immune response, potential for dose-sparing | Limited quantity of mRNA can be delivered, may require specialized equipment | High | Effective in some cancers, variable results | Generally safe, mild side effects | Stable at refrigeration temperature, needs to be protected from light | [38] |
Intravenous (IV) | Induces systemic immune response | Requires high dosage and specialized equipment, potential for non-specific immune response | Low to moderate | Effective in some cancers, variable results | Generally safe, mild to moderate side effects | Stable at ultra-low temperatures, short half-life in circulation | [56] |
Intra-tumoral (IT) | Direct delivery to tumor site, potential for targeted response | May require specialized equipment, limited systemic immune response | High | Effective in some cancers, variable results | Generally safe, mild to moderate side effects | Stable at refrigeration temperature, needs to be protected from light | [56] |