Fig. 1

1 The genetic diversity present in genomic research and stem cell repositories. a) Advances in human genomics and stem cell research in the past two decades have allowed for the exploration of how genetic variation influences diseases through scalable in vitro models. b) Most participants in genome-wide association studies have European ancestry. To address this limitation, initiatives such as the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program and the All of Us Research program aim to include more diverse populations. Ancestry information or self-reported race/ethnicity data from each study is grouped into super populations. c) Various global efforts have been launched to prioritize the inclusion of underrepresented participants in human genomic research. d) The majority of pluripotent stem cell lines in large-scale collections come from donors of European ancestry. The number of cell lines in each collection is specified above each bar. The data is sourced from public repositories and peer-reviewed studies. e) Additional smaller-scale collections from different organizations and institutions are also included, such as the National Stem Cell Bank of Korea, RIKEN BRC, the CiRA Foundation, and REPROCELL. The number of cell lines from independent donors in each collection is indicated above each bar. Data from these collections is categorized into supergroups. f) The breakdown of cell lines with reported race or ethnicity data, represented as percentages within each super population, is shown using data obtained and processed with the support of the human pluripotent stem cell registry (www.hpscreg.eu). 2 Two aspects: the reporting of stem cell diversity and recommendations for expanding it. On the left side, the figure presents examples of how individuals of European and Asian ancestries are currently reported in various human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) banks, including CIRM (USA), WiCell (USA), Coriell (USA), SKiP (Japan), and HipSci (UK). The colors blue and green represent individuals of European and Asian ancestries, respectively. On the right side, the figure shows examples of how individuals of European and Asian ancestries are reported in human genomic studies. Specifically mentioned studies are Bergstrom et al. 2020 (Human Genome Diversity Project), Karczewski et al. 2020 (gnomAD), and Smedley et al. 2021 (100,000 Genomes Pilot). In panel b, the figure provides key recommendations aimed at expanding hPSC diversity. Unfortunately, the details of these recommendations are not mentioned in the description. The map used in the figure is adapted from Templates by Yourfreetemplates.com. Reprinted from [17] with permission from the Springer Nature