Table 1 Comparison of iPSCs with other stem cell types for cancer treatment
From: Exploring the promising potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer research and therapy
Stem Cell Types | Characteristics | Advantages | Limitations | Clinical Trials | Future Directions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
iPSCs | Origin: Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adult cells | Pluripotency: Can differentiate into various cell types | Differentiation potential: Can be directed towards specific lineages | Immunogenicity: May trigger immune response | Advantages: Easy access to patient-specific cells, potential for personalized therapy | [41] |
ESCs | Origin: Derived from embryos | Pluripotency: Can differentiate into various cell types | Differentiation potential: High potential for differentiation | Immunogenicity: May trigger immune response | Advantages: Robust differentiation capacity, well-established research tool | [38] |
Adult stem cells | Origin: Found in various tissues and organs | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily restricted to tissue-specific lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Easy access, reduced risk of tumor formation | [15] |
Cancer stem cells | Origin: Subset of cells within tumors | Pluripotency: Capable of self-renewal and differentiation | Differentiation potential: Tumor-specific cell types | Immunogenicity: May evade immune response | Advantages: Targeting tumor-specific cells, potential for eradicating cancer-initiating cells | [32] |
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) | Origin: Found in various tissues (e.g., bone marrow, umbilical cord) | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Can differentiate into mesodermal lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Immunomodulatory properties, potential for tissue repair | [42] |
Neural stem cells | Origin: Found in the central nervous system | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily neural lineages | Immunogenicity: Variable immunogenicity | Advantages: Ability to target brain tumors, potential for neural repair | [43] |
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) | Origin: Found in bone marrow and peripheral blood | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Can differentiate into various blood cell types | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Well-established source of stem cells for clinical use, potential for reconstitution of the immune system | [44] |
Induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) | Origin: Induced from fibroblasts using transcription factors | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily neural lineages | Immunogenicity: Variable immunogenicity | Advantages: Easy access to patient-specific cells, potential for neural repair | [45] |
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) | Origin: Can be derived from embryos or reprogrammed from adult cells | Pluripotency: Can differentiate into various cell types | Differentiation potential: Can be directed towards specific lineages | Immunogenicity: May trigger immune response | Advantages: Wide range of potential applications, robust differentiation capacity | [46] |
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) | Origin: Found in dental pulp | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily mesenchymal lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Easy access to source tissue, potential for tissue repair | [47] |
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) | Origin: Found in bone marrow and peripheral blood | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily endothelial lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Potential for vascular repair and regeneration, low risk of tumor formation | [48] |
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) | Origin: Found in adipose tissue | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily mesenchymal lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Abundant source, easy access, potential for tissue repair | [49] |
Induced hepatic progenitor cells (iHepPCs) | Origin: Induced from fibroblasts or other somatic cells | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily hepatic lineages | Immunogenicity: Variable immunogenicity | Advantages: Potential for liver regeneration and transplantation | [50] |
Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) | Origin: Found in amniotic fluid | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily mesenchymal lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Non-invasive collection, low ethical concerns, potential for tissue repair | [51] |
Skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (Sk-MSCs) | Origin: Found in skeletal muscle tissue | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily mesenchymal lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Easy access to tissue source, potential for muscle repair and regeneration | [52] |
Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) | Origin: Found in Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord | Pluripotency: Limited differentiation potential | Differentiation potential: Primarily mesenchymal lineages | Immunogenicity: Low immunogenicity | Advantages: Non-invasive collection, abundant source, potential for tissue repair | [53] |